# LocalizedText

Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_INFANTRY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
隨著20世紀前期向前發展，文明社會發生的兩個最具毀滅性戰爭以相互殺戮技術的顯著進步為標誌。雖然經歷了這一切，但步兵還是投入戰鬥，冷靜地面對各種恐懼，如機關槍、地雷、毒氣、空中轟炸和掃射，以及罪惡的戰爭中所有其他令人恐懼的事物，這些東西都是那個時代最偉大的科學家發明的。因為還存在槍兵和古老的劍士，所以步兵的任務並沒有多少改變，依然是奪取將軍認為的任何重要的戰地。但步兵自己的招數卻變得越來越致命，這些招數包含自動步槍、半自動手槍、衝鋒槍、火焰噴射器、手榴彈，以及其他各種靈巧設備。盔甲的作用並不大，流動性和軍事偽裝效果也不好，所以廢棄不用。二戰結束時，步兵可以泰然自若地對抗大多數威脅…如果他們中有足夠的人能活下來的話。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_INQUISITOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
每種信仰都有它自己的審判官，教會給他們支付工資來找出人群中的非信徒、背道者和在教徒中產生的邪惡影響。這個職務在歐洲發展到頂峰，因為中世紀和文藝復興時期的天主教會努力確保猶太人、穆斯林、新教徒…（更別說科學家、藝術家和哲學家）…不會讓忠實的信徒墮落。天主教的審判官處於這場鬥爭的前線，他們奉主之名禁止焚燒書籍、拷問和處死異教徒。有時會得到世俗政府，如伊莎貝拉年代的西班牙或神聖羅馬帝國的支持，1252年頒佈的教皇詔書讓一切變得合法。儘管這些暴行的存在，但可以說，不管是何種信仰，審判官確實堅守了它。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_IRONCLAD_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
裝甲艦由蒸汽驅動，笨拙且體型龐大，外層覆蓋著鐵或鋼的鍍層，最有名的裝甲艦戰爭發生在1862年五月的漢普敦水道，最終以平局結束。弗吉尼亞號裝甲艦早前就對聯盟傳統戰艦造成了嚴重破壞，隨著戰鬥越來越多，木船和帆船的時代迎來了終結。但是美國的裝甲艦不適於航海，很容易在開闊水域裡沉沒。19世紀60年代早期，英國皇家海軍建造了第一個「適合遠洋航行的裝甲艦」種類（實際是裝甲鐵殼護衛艦），他們很快為這種設計添加了蒸汽驅動的螺旋槳。在目睹了弗吉尼亞號是如何對付比它大的木製戰艦後，每個國家都開始爭相建造裝甲艦。裝甲艦在開闊水域的第一次艦隊戰鬥發生在亞得里亞海的利薩島附近，這是奧地利和義大利海軍之間的戰爭；19艘裝甲艦參與其中，其中有兩艘沉沒了。但是就如戰爭一樣，裝甲艦的時代也並未持續太長。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_JAPANESE_SAMURAI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
直到足輕（農民）步兵被裝配步槍為止，日本武士（日文「侍」，貼身隨從）在近千年的時間裡主宰了日本戰爭和政治。雖根源自奈良時代，但實為9世紀左右的平安時代，武士道才被教條化並受許多貴族家系吸納其哲學。平治之亂的1160年，武士門閥宰制著這片大地。多個派系爭逐幕府大位，敗退來襲的蒙古，在史實或傳說之上建立了動人的歷史遺緒。放眼江戶時代，日本一統而和平，武士變得有教養起來：賦詩、演藝歌舞伎、參與那種百無聊賴，理當上戰場的驕慣階級想必會策動的那類陰謀。遺憾的是，明治皇帝在1868年啟動了一系列改革，包括了結束幕府以及廢除武士階級。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_JET_BOMBER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
由於戰鬥機速度加快，且變得更加致命，因此在冷戰中的某短暫時期，噴射式轟炸機對各國空軍必不可少…該情況一直持續到洲際彈道核導彈能對遠方城市進行毀滅性攻擊為止，其省卻了很多麻煩。例如，美國設計了XB-70戰神侍婢式轟炸機，可以穿越地極將核彈頭發射到俄羅斯——目前為止，僅製造了兩架該類型轟炸機。B-1槍騎兵轟炸機則更為成功；擁有2馬赫的飛行速度，（有可能）超過核爆炸的速度，因此，轟炸機機組人員有機會存活下來——約有100架B-1槍騎兵轟炸機作為「低空突防飛機」投入使用。但在一般情況下，早先的B-52轟炸機和蘇聯的SU系列也同樣適用（但他們的機組人員會有去無回），而且成本低很多。現代空軍在轟炸機、戰鬥轟炸機和戰鬥機之間的界限模糊了很多，許多現役機型其實都可以歸類為「噴射式轟炸機」。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_JET_FIGHTER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
二戰時期性能最好的螺旋槳戰鬥機飛行時速（最高）約650公里，可搭載一兩架機槍，或許也能搭載一兩枚小炸彈或火箭。 但德國人認為，這並不足以阻止同盟國轟炸機編隊，因此他們研製了世界上第一個可投入實戰的「噴射式飛機」——梅塞施密特式戰鬥機Me-262。雖然它未能改變二戰進程，但卻改變了此後所有戰爭的走向。ME-262取得了顯著成功（但它有時也會爆炸），因此，戰爭結束後，各國都開始設計製造新型噴射式戰鬥機：英國流星式噴氣戰鬥機、美國F-86軍刀戰鬥機、蘇聯的米格-15戰鬥機。朝鮮戰爭結束時，噴射式戰鬥機已經成為主要國家空軍的中堅力量。越南戰爭期間，噴射式戰鬥機可以攜帶兩架口徑20公毫的火炮、10枚左右的導彈、幾十枚火箭和炸彈，並且可以超音速飛行。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_KNIGHT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
在中世紀，騎士通常是貴族家庭的敗家子，他們在戰爭中作為侍從和護衛履行自己的學徒職責，獲得榮譽等級且具有了騎士的行為舉止（更像是奮鬥目標而不是實踐）。因為騎士的坐騎、裝備、生活方式都是極其昂貴的，所以不太適合平民（他們會成為步兵）。騎士傳統起源於羅馬騎士階級，由帝國的兩個貴族中地位較低的那個組成。整個黑暗年代（以及超過這個時間段一點點的時代），騎士主宰了開放的戰場，他們可以殺害那些四處逃離的平民。不幸的是很少有戰爭是在乾燥而開闊的地帶進行。最終，這些毫無俠義心腸的平民也配備了長矛和長弓，這可是騎在馬背上的騎士們的剋星啊。所以，騎士歲月一起不復返，雖然那些古老的「騎士」團依然散佈在各處。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_KONGO_SHIELD_BEARER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
剛果王國的軍隊由眾多弓箭手與較少量的持劍和盾牌的重裝步兵分遣隊組成。殖民地的葡萄牙人稱後者為「持盾人」，而在少數流傳下來的本土斯瓦希利語文獻中，則稱之為奧姆本巴。弓箭手多為戰時徵召的民兵，而部分證據表明奧姆本巴是由國王津貼資助。約有兩萬士兵駐紮首都，規模較小的先遣隊則分佈各省由當地政府指揮。國王阿方索一世時期，建立了一支配有葡萄牙裝備的本地人火槍手小部隊，到後來傳統的持盾侍從也被更致命的新兵種所取代。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_LINE_INFANTRY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
羅馬軍團最為人熟知的，便是其令行禁止的紀律——軍團以緊密隊形移動，並且持續將精力較充沛的士兵送往部隊前線，因此在對上較為強悍但紀律不足的高盧與日耳曼士兵時才能勢如破竹。戰列步兵也採用相似的概念。以嚴謹的方形陣型移動，並配有火槍，戰列步兵將不規律的開火節奏轉化為一或兩列士兵的同時齊射。在戰場上，這種戰列形式往往無法持久，隨著司令官的指令淹沒在混亂戰場的硝煙與噪音之中，各個射擊戰列也很快會各自分散進行刺刀衝鋒，但一開始的齊射仍能對較沒有組織的單位造成毀滅打擊。舉例而言，在七年戰爭期間的孟加拉戰爭便有過此例，歐洲的戰列步兵利用此種戰術大勝裝備相當但組織較為鬆散的印度軍。但從另一方面來看，戰列步兵的移動速度緩慢，因此可能遭人輕易包抄…或者也可能像是獨立戰爭中美軍對英軍採用的策略一樣，遭到游擊戰術擾亂。戰列步兵通常都配有火繩或燧發長槍（也就是滑膛長槍），並且取代長矛兵成了典型的步兵單位。戰列步兵通常都穿著顯眼的制式服裝，讓指揮官能看見其部隊在戰場上的移動狀況，藉此獲得戰術優勢，而不像各位《文明帝國》玩家一樣，能夠輕鬆一點就移動好單位。戰列步兵在17世紀至1860年代間成為歐洲軍隊的常態，但隨著步槍的發展以及戰術方針越趨靈活且零碎，戰列步兵也消失在時代洪流之中。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MACHINE_GUN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
從火繩槍誕生之日起，具有創新意識的製槍匠便開始探索製造一種不需要任何練習和技巧就能使用的速射火器。鑿岩工的旋轉火繩槍於1597年在紐倫堡出現，「帕克爾槍」於1718年在倫敦出現，1777年貝爾頓發明了多重射擊的燧發槍，所有這些槍支都有自己的擁護者；但最終，理查•喬丹•加特林完善了步兵武器，使其具有可控的速射、能自動加載、輕便、快速換裝彈藥筒、通過簡單的手搖曲柄進行操作。加特林機槍在各個國家各個軍隊都很受歡迎，它為機槍的發展奠定了基礎，使一戰陷入僵局且主宰了二戰的步兵戰鬥。後來，槍支的重量減輕了但發射速度卻沒受到影響，機槍開始變成能從胯部開火的輕型自動槍（比如禁酒令時期的黑幫所鍾愛的湯普森衝鋒槍）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MAN_AT_ARMS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「披甲戰士」一詞是用來泛指重裝士兵，特別是中世紀時代的歐洲單位。儘管披甲戰士一詞能用來指稱騎馬的貴族騎士，也能用來指稱長矛傭兵，在此我們用其來指稱中世紀晚期之重裝步兵。隨著兵工廠和鑄造廠逐漸變成制式設施，便宜且可替換的「公發盔甲」也逐漸興起，替代貴族那量身訂做但極為昂貴之板甲。有了公發盔甲後，尋常的士兵或傭兵也能獲得近乎騎士一般的完善防護，並且在戰場上成為令人難以忽視的存在。日耳曼語在15世紀所稱的「Landsknecht」（國土傭僕），便是這樣拿著雙手大劍在戰場上揮舞，成為披甲戰士的最佳範例。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MAN_AT_ARMS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
同一時間，在歐洲以外，也有推動為非貴族士兵大量製造盔甲，進而造出相似「披甲戰士」之行為。戰國時期的日本動蕩不安，群雄逐鹿，這時穿著摺疊盔甲（疊具足）的足輕（步兵）成了左右戰局的關鍵。隨著穿著大量製造之盔甲的步兵出現在戰場之上，步兵再也不用擔任在騎士衝突當中跑龍套的烏合之眾，而是突然成為舉足輕重的角色。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MECHANIZED_INFANTRY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
隨著汽油發動機出現在戰場，以及坦克和卡車的迅速出動，僅靠雙腿行走的步兵很難齊步並進。一戰結束後到二戰開始前，各國都在研究如何解決這一問題。但，最注重步兵「機械化」的是強調閃電戰的納粹德國，德國人希望步兵能與裝甲車一同出動，迅速佔領波蘭、法國、北非和俄羅斯。由於卡車無法快速穿過這些地區的路面，因此，德國工程師設計了第一輛半履帶車（即SdKfz 251半履帶車），用來輸送步兵和物資，速度也能跟得上坦克。這種裝甲車，有的配備了履帶式火炮和高射炮，有的還擁有獨立戰鬥群，能獨自應對敵方任何武器裝備。德國在這方面取得了巨大成功，以致於所有參戰者都開始競相模仿，如今，世界上所有步兵幾乎都實現了「機械化」。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MEDIC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
需要一個手無寸鐵的勇敢人衝到戰場，尤其是在前線治療創傷。雖然會受到古老的法令和《日內瓦公約》的「保護」，但軍醫這一職業並不利於身體健康。外科醫生多米尼克•拉雷為拿破崙大軍開發出第一輛輕快救護車（「快速救護車」），也就是移動式的戰地醫院；他同時也招募和訓練志願者來救助傷員，並將傷員帶回戰地醫院。這不僅提高了存活率同時也鼓舞了士氣，也確保至少有的人可以活下來繼續戰鬥。在美國內戰時期，美國陸軍少校萊特曼不僅發明了拯救生命的新設備並將其標準化（當時，截肢是常用的治療方法），而且還將醫生的職責擴寬到需要處理應徵者的其他疾病。如今，軍醫和海軍戰地醫務兵對每個國家的軍隊來講都是必不可少的。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MILITARY_ENGINEER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
軍事工程師和「戰鬥」工兵截然不同，後者不帶武器而是器械和炸藥瘋狂地衝進戰場，而軍事工程師旨在建造防禦工事和其餘建物、建立及維護補給和通訊線。羅馬人、中國人、鄂圖曼人和英國人等往昔的常勝軍，都有自家優秀的軍事工程單位，勝利大多歸功於它們保護了自己的軍隊並毀掉了敵人的防禦工事。不信去問阿萊西亞的高盧人（西元前52年），或者耶路撒冷的狂信徒（西元70年）。羅馬在西方衰落之後，像其它萬事萬物一樣，軍事工程學進入了「黑暗時代」，直到中世紀中期攻城戰再次變得普遍，才得以復興。到那個時代尾聲時，軍事工程師再度成為軍隊求勝不可或缺的一份子。貫穿拿破崙戰爭、克里米亞戰爭、各種內戰和世界大戰，他們被劃分出越來越多的專項分工。如今，軍事從業人員得有土木、電氣、機械、建築、或甚至是環境工程的學位，才能有機會造些什麼...或拆些什麼。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MISSILE_CRUISER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「巡洋艦」一詞最早出現在17世紀中葉，當時指的是艦隊中可以獨自作戰的戰船——這種戰船要足夠快，遇到配備更強火力的敵船，才能逃跑，同時，還需足夠大，這樣才能轟擊更小的船隻。在接下來的幾百年間，破交艦通常能起到這樣的作用，偶爾還被用於艦隊戰鬥中掩護其主體。因此，他們在海事中的作用並不明顯…直到遠端導彈出現。雖然冷戰期間，很多國家都花費資金設計建造導彈巡洋艦（甚至強大的秘魯海軍也有一艘），但只有美國和蘇聯的導彈巡洋艦獲得了成功。美國海軍第一艘提康得羅加級導彈巡洋艦從1981年開始服役，可以說這是目前在役軍艦中最強大的一艘，配備有122根發射管，並帶有艦對艦導彈、艦對空導彈、反潛導彈，其裝備搭配多到驚人，因此，該巡洋艦幾乎可以消滅任何敵人。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MISSIONARY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
每個宗教裡都必然會有一些人「聽到真主的聲音」，隨後將其四處傳播。縱觀歷史，無論信仰什麼，傳教士和改變宗教信仰者常冒著危險前往國外——因此，他們都是一些殉道者和聖徒——來皈依非信徒，並讓不敬畏神的人也信奉他們的信仰。傳教士也會做一些更加實際的善舉，比如在學校進行授課、在診所治療病人、支持社會福利計劃、負責經營舊貨店，以及其他文明社會的各種善行。不管是否軟硬兼施，傳教士的主要目的是傳播他們的信仰以此獲得更多新的信徒。曾經，他們需要外出進行傳教，如今他們可以通過電視來傳道，這樣更加安全也更加舒適。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MOBILE_SAM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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如同所有尖端武器系統一樣，地對空導彈的概念也由德國人首先提出；1941年，弗裡德里克·哈爾德提出「對空火箭」這一概念，用來對抗同盟國的轟炸機，然而由於科技暗鬥，該設計直到1943年才真正開始付諸實施。雖然設計了幾個樣品，但沒有一個能在二戰結束前投入使用。同時，美國海軍因為受到納粹研製的滑翔炸彈以及日本的神風自殺式突擊的刺激，製造了SAM-N-2百靈鳥號，這是一款靠衝壓式噴氣發動機發動的防空導彈，用於遠距離投射…然而同樣直到二戰結束也沒能投入使用。儘管其他同盟國在地對空導彈設計上進展緩慢，但蘇聯還是製造出了S-75德維納導彈，那是世界上第一枚成功使用的地對空導彈（1959年10月在大陸擊落臺灣的一架轟炸機）。越南戰爭期間，地對空導彈第一次在現代戰場上使用，這最終促成了「單兵防空導彈」設計製造，到了20世紀90年代，世界各地的遊擊戰爭和恐怖主義襲擊都開始使用地對空導彈。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MODERN_ARMOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
現代裝甲比二戰期間使用的豹式坦克、T-34坦克、克倫威爾坦克和謝爾曼坦克要好的多。如今的主戰坦克體積更大，速度更快，裝甲、武器都先進的多，最重要的是，使用複雜的計算機和通訊設備能極大增強戰鬥力和在現代戰場上的存活機率。主戰坦克如果無法爆破目標設施，它可以直接碾過。現代坦克可以在戰場上以每小時60公里的速度前進，可以精准射擊幾百公尺外的目標，所帶有的瞄準用的計算機能精准調整炮管，防止因為路面凹凸不平導致炮筒偏移、射擊失准。步兵很少攜帶足以摧毀現代裝甲的強大武器——不過，他們需要攜帶無線電通訊設備，可以用其請求炮火或武裝直升機支援。可惜，在如今非常規戰爭、平定內亂、起義為主要方式的戰爭中，主戰坦克不再合適。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MODERN_AT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
一戰發出了坦克（一旦解決了它的設計缺陷）在20世紀將主宰戰場的警告。德國閃電戰在二戰初期幾個月的表現證明了這一點。同時反坦克炮能很好地阻止敵人的裝甲，在戰爭的非固定戰場上，可憐的步兵隊需要更迅捷的東西，而不是等待著反坦克炮到來、組裝、開火。因此出現了MPATS（單兵便攜式反坦克系統）。在第一次「停止戰爭的戰爭」結束時，已開始使用反坦克步槍。但它變成了更好的裝甲和更好的單兵便攜式反坦克系統之間的競賽。二戰出現了更好的反坦克步槍、火箭推進榴彈（RPGs）、火箭炮、反坦克火箭炮、無後坐力炮，最終（戰後）出現了單兵便攜式反坦克導彈，比如美國投槍和俄羅斯考耐特。對那些裝甲巨獸而言，戰場突然變成了一個危險的地方。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_MUSKETMAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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如果箭或方鏃箭就能阻止一個裝甲戰士，那麼可以想象出當一個又小又快的鉛球穿過金屬進入下面濕軟的馬嚼子時會發生什麼。18世紀早期，作為一種更優良的火器，步槍取代了笨拙的火繩槍，步槍是一種無膛線前裝槍，通過火繩或鎖定裝置來觸發，原型是英國的「棕貝絲滑膛槍」，這種槍在1722年到1838年期間為英國紅衫軍提供了極大便利。當然啦，邊境移民也使用這種槍在全世界打獵、防身以及殺害土著，但直到歐洲內戰時期，軍事戰術才進化到全體戰士都使用步槍。在中國，攜帶式加農炮發展成了步槍，並在明朝和清朝得到廣泛使用。歐洲人和鄂圖曼人對步槍物盡其用，並且還配置了攜帶步槍的精銳部隊，以此來對付彼此。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_NATURALIST_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
自然保護運動最早始於英國皇家學會的約翰·伊夫林在1662年發表的《森林志》一書，該書提倡保護英國的森林。雖然有時與環境保護主義聯繫到一起，但兩者的明顯有別。自然保護旨在以此讓人類能夠可持續使用資源。自然保護論者主張將自然地區留作休閒和教育之用，出於野生動植物本身的價值而去主動保護。近19世紀末，政治家也參與了這項壯舉；美國總統西奧多·羅斯福就成為了一名主要的（並有影響力的）自然保護論者，借其政治力成立了美國林務局並設立五座國家公園、四個禁獵區、五十一處鳥類保護區和一百五十座國有森林——面積合約廿三萬畝地。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_NORWEGIAN_BERSERKER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
從大量古代斯堪的納維亞語的起源可以看出，狂暴武士（或稱為狼皮戰士、「奧丁神的特別戰士」）是維京人，他們以一種不可控制的被神魔附體般的暴怒狀態進行戰鬥。其他傳說故事提到他們丟棄盔甲、身披狼皮、赤裸著上身進行戰鬥，如「獵犬一樣瘋狂，緊握護盾…他們砍殺敵人，但自身卻刀槍不入。」這甚至讓其他愛好玩樂的北歐人都非常敬畏。據說，由於狂暴武士讓那些為非作歹的人聞風喪膽，因此可以對其加以管束，所以，西元800年左右，哈拉爾一世讓狂暴武士作為突襲隊站住他的軍隊前列，其他挪威國王讓他們擔任皇室保鏢。正如虔誠的基督徒所說：「上帝，請將我們從北歐人的憤怒中拯救出來吧。」


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_NORWEGIAN_LONGSHIP_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「從北方人的怒火中解救我們吧，主！」這是一句眾所周知的祈禱，通常倒楣的人在海上一看到維京長船就會這樣祈禱。這句祈禱很好地總結了當時的情況：長船載著斯堪的納維亞人，在他們踏足的地方進行殺戮、劫掠，從愛爾蘭到巴黎城牆。但長船也載著他們橫跨北大西洋，航行到冰島、格陵蘭島、北美洲。還將商人帶到了羅馬和君士坦丁堡。其實，長船是歐洲9世紀到13世紀船舶設計中最傑出的作品。維京長船包括多種類型；至今最臭名昭著的是德瑞卡，它船體美觀，船身狹窄，吃水淺，裝飾華麗（龍、蛇等），主要由出去劫掠的人員使用。不僅能夠在深水中航行，還因為吃水淺，而可以到河流中航行，這對於劫掠巴黎這樣的城市非常實用。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_NUCLEAR_SUBMARINE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
核動力潛艇的概念最早由美國海軍研究實驗室在1939年提出；直到1954年鸚鵡螺號核潛艇下水才將這一概念付諸現實，這艘潛水艇可在水下連續工作4個月，中途不需探出水面…但沒人解釋為什麼人要在水下待4個月不出來。潛水艇是最理想的用來發射帶核彈頭的彈道導彈載體——因為不會打草驚蛇——這是冷戰時期的最佳武器，不過這種潛水艇除此之外並無其他特別用途。隨後，蘇聯很快模仿美國，在海中部署核潛艇，其中第一艘是1959年下水、後來發生事故的K-19號核潛艇。雖然發生了反應堆事故、故障和沉船事故，但雙方仍比拼著建造更大的彈道導彈戰略核潛艇。冷戰對抗最激烈的時候，每月約有5至10艘核潛艇投入使用。儘管如今這個速度有所放緩，但世界上已有六個國家開始部署核動力「戰略性」潛水艇（即旨在毀滅城市而非其他船舶），這六個國家分別是：美國、俄羅斯、中國、法國、英國和印度。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_OBSERVATION_BALLOON_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
法國大革命時期，軍事行業開始使用氣球將勇敢的駕駛員帶入空中來收集情報和定位大炮，這種方法的運用在一戰期間達到巔峰，而後隨著飛機設計的進步便漸漸消逝了。1794年成立的法國空中戰隊使用被繩拴著的氫氣球在戰爭中進行偵察、提供敵軍的情報，這是那年六月份在弗勒魯斯戰役中出現的第一支空中戰隊。雖然大量的觀測氣球為法國對陣奧地利時取得的決定性勝利做出了貢獻，但這種設備只能停留在一個地方（只要電纜不被割斷，它就能飄著走）。美國內戰、第二次布爾戰爭以及其他各種衝突，觀測氣球的設計和使用並沒發生太多改變。一戰時期的「風箏氣球」穩定性更好、飛得更高，並且能在更極端的天氣條件下飛行；這是戰爭中使用氣球的巔峰，因為到了1917年，那些不道德的飛行員坐在他們敏捷的雙翼機裡射掉了大量的觀測氣球。它們安靜地漂浮在淤泥之上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_PIKEMAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
長矛基本上是一根很長的矛，用尖的那端插入某人而不是扔向某人。在對付其他步兵尤其是各種類型的騎兵時非常管用。的確，除了長弓手和淤泥地，長矛大概是唯一可以阻止騎馬的騎士追趕上農民的武器了。因此，在大規模陣型中使用長矛效果最好，如希臘方陣、瑞士傭兵和德國僱傭步兵。但是因為雙手很難同時控制長矛和護盾，所以長矛兵易受到弓箭手和佩劍兵的攻擊；他們不是很擅長混戰。但如果能使隊伍維持緊密陣形，一個長矛部隊能徹底擊敗對面的敵人，並能穩固側翼免受騎兵襲擊。長矛在文藝復興時的全盛期變得越來越長，最終達到了七公尺左右。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_PRIVATEER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「合理否認」回避責任的原則在航海時代和至今都被貫徹的一樣好。海盜和私掠船唯一且微不足道的區別是一張紙，這是由君主頒發的受保護的捕拿特許證。私掠船是政府授權的私營船隻（包括從簡單的單桅帆船到雙桅橫帆船、輕快帆船的任何船隻），用來在「和平時期為王國政府遭受的[其他國家造成的]特殊罪行征討賠償」…或者在戰爭時期掠奪敵方船隻。私掠船通過掠奪獲得戰利品，王國政府拿走一部分，剩下的，同時也是大半部分被船主和船員瓜分。幾乎所有歐洲人在殖民時期都對西班牙不滿，所以17和18世紀，私掠巡航發展到了巔峰，尤其是伊麗莎白一世細心培養的英國私掠船船員以及法國的新教海盜船（他們會攻擊幾乎每一個人）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_QUADRIREME_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
古代造船者只是在槳帆船的基礎設計上不斷添加更多的槳，直到四槳座戰船出現，這種帆船每邊有四對槳，每支漿由兩個人來划行。老普林尼說有位不亞於亞里斯多德的學者認為是迦太基人在西元前四世紀左右建造了四槳座戰船。使用四槳座戰船的最早記錄是亞歷山大大帝發起的泰爾圍城戰，當時他們向南入侵埃及。亞歷山大大帝去世後，四槳座戰船的設計受到他的繼任者的歡迎，整個王國都爭論不休。在後來的布匿戰爭中，對戰雙方都在使用四槳座戰船。歷史資料表明（不總是可靠的）他們擁有一種排水量約60公噸且能運載大約75名水兵的四槳座戰船。四槳座戰船很寬而且吃水淺，很適合在較淺的沿海水域航行。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_RANGER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「Ranger」一詞有很多意思：指流浪或徘徊的人；在某地區巡邏的大量武裝警衛之一；接受過突擊隊戰術訓練來進行突襲的戰士。如今，「ranger」一詞的常用意思包括了以上所有。騎兵巡邏隊的軍事用途要追溯到北美殖民地和土著之間的邊境戰爭，他們擅長在人跡罕至的森林和沼澤裡進行「非常規」戰爭。陸軍上校本傑明•丘奇受普利茅斯殖民地總督委託在1676年菲利普國王戰爭期間不斷襲擊野蠻人，建立了一支旨在運用敵人戰術的部隊。到了美國獨立戰爭時期，有幾個遊騎兵連在戰爭中迎戰英軍，他們強烈抗議這些殖民地居民使用的戰鬥方式，比如伏擊、突襲、爆破、狙擊等等。根據美軍遊騎兵手冊內容顯示，此後並無多大變化。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_ROCKET_ARTILLERY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
西元904年，唐末軍閥吳王的軍隊攻打豫章時，使用了火藥填充的「火箭炮」，但當時的殺傷力並不大，反而這種五顏六色的彈藥具有極高觀賞性（對士兵而言，他們可不覺得好看）。18世紀80年代邁索爾戰爭中的蒂普蘇丹所使用的金屬彈體火箭炮，以及英國在18世紀90年代使用的康格里夫火箭炮的效果也並不太好。所以，直到二戰，在德國的六管火箭發射器和蘇聯的喀秋莎火箭炮問世之前，火箭炮很少出現在戰場上。二戰後，火箭炮設計成為北約和華約軍隊的主攻方向，如果很多人期待的第三次世界大戰真的爆發，這種武器很可能會摧毀歐洲。火箭的後坐力小，這意味著載具的重量可以減輕，因此它可以更加靈活（有些甚至可以在行進中開火）；先進的火箭炮還配置了制導系統，這樣可以更加精准地擊中移動中的目標。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_ROMAN_LEGION_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
這個軍團是歷史上最有效率和效益的戰鬥武力...在它所處的那個年代是這樣。裝備和人員俱全的羅馬軍團可在任何地形行軍，自行鋪修道路，在道路端點修建強化營地，隨後便能無敵不敗，無牆不破。羅馬帝國時期，軍團由步兵組成，特只徵召羅馬公民，搭配廚師、軍械師、工兵、炮兵、醫務兵以及指揮參謀機構（還有隨軍平民和軍中小販），這些乃在外征戰多年的必要組成。輕步兵、弓箭手、偵察兵、騎兵通常都是輔助兵隊，行省的非公民（倖存者能光榮退伍從而獲得公民身分），因獨裁政體所需而發配參軍。軍團紀律嚴明（通常來講）的重步兵配備了羅馬式標槍（投擲用矛）、羅馬短劍，並征服了當時已知世界的大部分地方（被認知為大量的蠻族和若干腐朽的帝國）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_RUSSIAN_COSSACK_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
哥薩克是半民主、半遊牧、半軍國主義的群落，他們在聶伯河、頓河、烏拉河、伏爾加河等烏克蘭境內的草原流域生活。尚不清楚在哈紮爾王國覆滅後，這些斯拉夫人何時來到這一區域定居，不過時間可能在蒙古人退出這一地區後，即13世紀晚期。哥薩克騎兵綜合了遊牧民族和文明社會的特點，直到17世紀，他們都是比較鬆散的由部落和獨立群體組成的聯盟。內部政治管制可能不盡如人意——各種好戰的哥薩克騎兵住在一起，內部戰爭和與相鄰部落的對外戰爭一樣頻繁——他們逐漸演變成了一種優秀的輕騎兵。隨著時間推移，17世紀早期，其中一些騎兵投奔了日益發展壯大的俄羅斯王國，為俄國抵擋南面的克裡米亞韃靼人和鄂圖曼人。此後，在俄國的每一場戰爭中，都能找到哥薩克騎兵的身影，直到二戰後，史達林將其編制廢除。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SCOUT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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幾個世紀以來，很多人被稱為「偵察兵」（包括穿著整潔制服的青少年，他們露營並獲得「榮譽徽章」）。但是那些擅長在野外遊蕩，並暗中監視敵人的飛毛腿戰士從狩獵時期就開始存在了。這些「專家」是早期文明的耳目，從定居點向外擴展，探索新大陸並尋找敵人。後來他們變得越來越專業，是所有軍事組織固有和至關重要的一部分，甚至在今天都是這樣。為了避免被屠殺，知道對手在哪裡以及他在做什麼仍然是及其重要的。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SCYTHIAN_HORSE_ARCHER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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「薩卡人」可能在波斯語和梵語裡指斯基泰人，或者可能指的是亞述北面騎馬的蠻族中的特殊部落。有些古代「歷史學家」是薩卡人，比如希羅多德、斯特拉波、老普林尼以及其他許多人，他們使用一些模棱兩可的習語，大多讓人迷糊的詞語看起來正來源於此。希羅多德說薩卡人是弓騎手，騎馬時不用馬鞍和馬鐙，特徵是穿著棉褲、敞開的束腰外衣，戴著「尖細的高高豎起的高頭帽。」人們在野外非常害怕這些弓騎兵，他們主要襲擊正在行進的縱隊，或者搶劫行李搬運車，但他們不是很擅長硬拚硬打的戰鬥。正如亞歷山大大帝在錫爾河戰爭（西元前329年）中所表現出的那樣，薩卡人沒有持久力，會很容易被集結在一起且有大量弓箭兵做後盾的步兵團全面擊退，更大的射程和發射速度讓他們比騎馬的薩卡人有明顯優勢。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SETTLER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
曾有一些人願意離開熟悉的一切，期待著翻過小山去過上更好的生活。這就是開拓者，他們讓人類分散到世界各地。不管他們的途徑是水路、陸路還是天空，這些先行者最終來到了他們自己喜歡的地方，這些地方通常有肥沃的土地、乾淨的水源、部分安心的前景...但並不總是這樣。有些人的旅途止於沙漠、沼澤、冰原，或山谷，而周圍也必有心懷敵意的原住民。他們離開舊居的原因如遷入一樣各不相同：饑餓、財富、志向、冒險、恐懼、自由，最重要的是，他們希望後代能擁有他們不曾有過的事物。他們所遷居的地方變成了村莊、小鎮、城市、文明社會。如此循環，周而複始...


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SIEGE_TOWER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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順著梯子攀登上城牆，同時上面的守衛者向下猛投燃油、大石塊和尖鋭物體，這可沒法維持軍隊的高士氣，因此新亞述帝國的人在西元前九世紀左右發明了攻城塔。那時，美索不達米亞的大部分城鎮都被泥磚城牆環繞，通常足夠抵禦攻擊者，但亞述人的攻城塔讓他們能翻越一些相對完整的城牆；因此三個世紀以來，亞述國幾乎不受限制的向外擴展。這個時代到來了，很快所有的古代文明社會都在他們的彈藥庫修建了攻城塔。攻城塔最簡化的形式是一種帶有車輪的木製塔；一旦把攻城塔推到需要進攻的城牆附近，便會放下一塊跳板使之與城牆相連，隨後躍躍欲試的士兵便會衝進市鎮或城堡裡。羅馬的工程大師們將攻城塔修建的更加堅固耐用，整個中世紀，人們都在使用它，直到火藥出現，攻城塔才被淘汰。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SLINGER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
和大多早期武器系統一樣，投石器從狩獵的工具變成了殺人的工具。兩繩之間有個袋子，這般簡單構造用來弧線拋射物體，如石頭、鉛塊或其他任何實用的東西。 雖然拋射的石頭沒有箭或子彈的殺傷力那麼大，但它仍會造成極大破壞，暴雨般瞄準敵人落下的石塊會讓敵人衝鋒受阻。在複合弓發明之前，投石器比弓箭和長矛更有射程優勢。此外，還很容易補充彈藥。除了澳洲，世界各地的考古挖掘都發現了古代投石器。甚至野蠻人都會用投石器拋石塊。正如《撒母耳記》上卷所寫，投石器甚至可以打死一個巨人歌利亞…


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SPANISH_CONQUISTADOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
西班牙征服者（「征服者」）是從14世紀到18世紀為西班牙在世界各地建立殖民地的士兵探險家。1492年，隨著收復失地運動結束，許多西班牙老兵失業了；幸運的是此後不久，西班牙發現了新大陸，為征服和轉換至基督教做好了準備（後者確實激勵了很多人）。西班牙征服者遍佈美洲、非洲、亞洲，甚至大洋洲，他們在這些地方探險、開採，甚至定居下來。征服者主要是輕騎兵，再加上歐洲人的戰術、武器、坐騎以及他們的殘酷無情，這一切意味著大多數當地人幾乎沒有機會擊敗他們，唯一的小機會也只是當地人數量多（如果足夠多的人願意去送死的話）。如果沒有科爾特斯、皮薩羅、德•巴爾沃亞、迪•索托這樣追逐名利的人，也不會出現稱霸全球的帝國，這一點毋庸置疑。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SPEARMAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
史前文明的某個時候，一些新石器時代的戰士決定把棍棒一端削尖，以發揮出更大作用。因此，矛出現了。隨著刺殺的動物和人類越來越多，矛間變得越來越鈍。很快地人們把尖端放在火上炙烤使其硬化（另一個新發現）；接下來，他們在棍上鑲上了打磨的石頭。最終演變成金屬矛頭。矛的使用相當容易掌握，所以在早期民兵組織裡極普遍，是大多數古代軍隊的主兵器。矛製作時間短且成本低。並且適合用來對付騎馬的野蠻人。幾個世紀以來，矛經歷了無數變化，最終形式為刺刀，士兵可以把這種刺刀固定在步槍的一端做出矛，用來再次將敵人開腸剖肚。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SPY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
不要理會伊恩•弗萊明、阿利斯泰爾•麥克林、和湯姆•克蘭西的信筆塗鴉，大部分間諜的行為並非那麼吸引人——事實上，他們非常殘忍——或者並不像多數人以為的那樣有意義。雖然在歷史上不同的時期和地點都曾使用過間諜，也獲得了或多或少的成功，但間諜真正成為有用的國家政治手段是在自伊莉莎白女王統治時期，法蘭西斯•沃辛漢發明了揭露或隱藏國家機密的現代方法之後（這些方法包括密碼學、造假、誘惑、威脅、謀殺，等等）。間諜的目的通常都不高尚；大多為了高薪，或者被要脅，而不得不從事這樣危險的職業。儘管歷史上也曾有過間諜活動非常頻繁的顯著時期，但沒有任何時期可以與冷戰時期遍佈在全球各個國家地區的間諜方式、間諜行動相比。不過自20世紀90年代起，大國開始通過電子和衛星通訊獲取情報，間諜行業也不再像之前那樣「傳奇」了。詹姆士•龐德或許會很失望。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SUBMARINE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
1864年，漢利號上狂妄的邦聯人撞沉了北方聯邦軍軍艦豪薩托尼克號，由此開啟了海戰新時代；不幸的是，漢利號自己也沉沒了，所有船員都沉入海底。儘管如此，潛水艇還是悄無聲息的出現了。潛水艇、深潛器、U型潛艇在水下偷偷靠近目標，然後使用魚雷將其擊沉…或者如有可能，浮出水面使用微弱的甲板火炮進行攻擊。一戰期間，德國率先將它們用作破交艇，效果顯著，潛艇在二戰時期得到極大應用，最終在1939年至1945年擊沉了很多重達1450萬公噸的敵方船隻（包括奇特的軍艦）。壓載艙、動力裝置、制導機等的進步促使戰後超級大國之間爆發了「潛水艇競賽」，競賽在核動力深潛船出現時達到頂峰…這種潛艇配有核導彈，可以在人口聚集處啟動。看看漢利號都帶來了什麼事？


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SUMERIAN_WAR_CART_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
蘇美爾帝國之間不斷爆發的戰爭（更像是未開墾地的封地之爭而不是武裝衝突）促使了一些新殺戮方法的出現，這些新方法傳遍了整個上古世界。西元前2525年左右，有史以來第一場為子孫後代進行的戰爭在拉伽什和烏瑪之間爆發，「禿鷲石碑」描繪了這場戰爭。還有件令人感興趣的事，石碑顯示安納吐姆指揮官駕駛著「戰車」，但實際上是由驢（是動物，不是人類）拉動的四輪手推車。蘇美爾人的戰車是一種四輪裝置，由安裝在木頭上的編織籃和實心輪組成；兩個帶著戰斧和長矛的人來操作它，四只野驢（亞洲驢）連在一個牛軛上拉著它前行。戰車是否真在戰爭中使用過，以及是否作為「戰爭的士」來將指揮官運送到戰略要地附近以便他能下馬親自帶領他的軍隊進行戰鬥，多個石碑內容都對此話題有大量爭論。不論蘇美爾人的戰車到底有何作用，它們都是隨後出現的馬拉戰車的起源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_SWORDSMAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
「劍的藝術」可追溯到劍僅僅是尺寸較短的鋒利大匕首時期，雖然銅器時代最早的使用者可能並沒什麼藝術天賦。已出土的最古老的劍起源於西元前1600年。劍有很多不同類型：有的兩邊都很鋒利、有的只是一邊鋒利、有的很薄且尖端很鋒利、有的則很重。通常，文明時代喜歡的類型是它最獨特的一面。人們也許能注意到劍的進化對鐵加工、採礦和熔煉的發展都有重大影響…這些都是非常有用的技術。幾乎歷史上每一個文化群落都使用劍，並且很熟練地使用它來攻打對方。後來，混戰裡越來越常地使用劍，以此促使裝甲不斷改進，很快，這些軍事技術之間出現了「軍備」競賽。如今，劍的使用範圍已經縮小，主要用於典禮和體育運動中。但我們血液中依然深深保留著對劍術的嚮往（恕我直言）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_TANK_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
如同大量殺戮敵人的眾多有效方法一樣，人們在一戰中第一次使用「坦克」就起了很多作用，在二戰中，坦克性能變得更加完美。它本質上是一個裝甲自行驅動的（靠履帶行走）整裝式裝甲車。坦克這個概念已經存在很長時間了，一些遠見者比如李奧納多•達文西和赫伯特•喬治•威爾斯已就能主宰戰場的大型裝甲武器提出過一些簡化觀點。但鐵絲網、機槍、火炮和塹壕這些將想法變為現實的東西主宰了一戰，使之陷入僵局。坦克（取這個名字的原因是第一次的航運艙單提供了錯誤的敵方情報）的第一次出現並不討人喜歡，它只在最後盟軍的勝利中被用來支援步兵。戰敗方吸取了教訓，德軍在二戰中進行閃電戰，他們使用大規模的坦克攻擊敵軍防線的突破口，然後湧入並擊潰後方出現的一切東西。如今，坦克是各國軍隊的支柱，或至少大到足以舉足輕重。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_TRADER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
村莊一出現，商人也會隨之而來。他們最先使用可憐又愚蠢的牲畜如馬、騾子、駱駝、美洲駝，甚至人來作為馱獸運載寶石、貴金屬、香料以及其他一切可以在遙遠村莊轉變成利潤的東西。每塊文明土地上的貿易路線都縱橫交錯（也有許多文明土地上並不是這樣），這些路線，比如從中國到中東的偉大絲路，塑造了邊界和文明，同時也肯定帶來了戰爭或宗教。後來，這些商人漂洋過海；許多最早的文字記錄是船舶貨艙商品的存貨清單，考古也發掘出西元前一千年初地中海和紅海的航海貨船證據。隨著進行航海貿易的時間越來越長，貨船設計也不斷得到改進；同時不再用牲畜來運載貨物，而是改用卡車。但推動貿易不斷發展的本質依然沒變…人類需要賺錢。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_TREBUCHET_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
砲的發展過程，簡化而言便是隨著其演化，而朝著敵人拋射越來越大顆的石頭。從這一點看來，拋石機可說是最終極的拋石裝置，起碼在火藥廣為盛行以前是如此。投石機利用一系列的繩索與投石臂來產生拋射張力，而拋石機則使用槓桿和地心引力便能產生威力。拋石機的概念相當簡單：將重物放在一端，將要拋射的石頭（或者腐爛的屍體來散播疾病，也或者會放置燃燒物來縱火）掛在另一端的皮套上。重物落下時，便會帶動拋石臂的另一端升起，對著目標甩出拋射物。此設計雖然簡單，但卻需要對槓桿及基礎物理的知識才能完善。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_TREBUCHET_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
在火藥革新之前，拋石機曾是歐洲在12世紀以降的攻城武器，而在亞洲，拋石機則偶爾會搭配更小型且靈活的「臥虎砲」使用。拋石機由於其巨大且笨重的特性，通常都是於攻城現場組裝，讓部隊在更為輕裝簡便的同時，也讓攻城掠地的過程更費周折。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_WARRIOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
根據字典解釋，「勇士」指參與過或經歷過戰爭的人。在原始社會，幾乎每個人都是勇士，因為他們都和別人進行過戰鬥。畢竟，人們不需要經過太多訓練就會用石塊或棍棒猛擊別人頭部，只是需要一些體力以及不會為這樣做感到惡心。因此，早期的部落和定居點沒有專業的常備軍；這是文明的好處。相反，所有在鬆散民兵組織服役的身強體壯的人會被召喚去處理危機，當危機過去後（或在危機消失前），他們會回到自己的農場和村莊。幾百年後，隨著各種武器專家取代了舊時的勇士，一些古代君主才有遠見和資金來養兵。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_WARRIOR_MONK_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
傳說天下武功出少林，少林的武術沿革在現代成了許多傳奇故事與影視作品的主題。少林寺在西元495年由印度僧人跋陀所創立，傳言其門下的首批中國弟子在落髮出家前皆是軍人，已然身懷武藝，並在之後習武的傳統保留了下來。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_ALHAMBRA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
889年，居住在西班牙安達魯西亞的格蘭納達摩爾王朝將阿蘭布拉宮作為一處小要塞；埃米爾穆罕默德•本•阿赫瑪爾在11世紀將其改造擴建，蘇丹尤塞夫在1333年再次將其擴建，並作為自己的宮殿。阿蘭布拉宮（也稱為「紅堡」）是以其紅土堡壘牆命名的，按照當時歐洲建築的標準，該宮殿可說是奢侈無比。宮殿裡有室內水管等在內的一切舒適設施。該地區最好的穆斯林、猶太教和基督教的工匠與技工一起設計和修建了這座融合了自然美景的建築。其中最引人注目的是許多內牆和柱子上雕刻着源自《可蘭經》裡的阿拉伯語詩文。默罕默德十二世是納斯裡德王朝最後一位蘇丹，他於西元1492年在格拉納達向西班牙投降，讓阿蘭布拉宮免遭十字軍的襲擊，否則阿蘭布拉宮將變成一堆瓦礫，留下的只有關於它的美好回憶。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_BIG_BEN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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威武的大笨鐘坐落在西敏寺北端的伊麗莎白塔裡，也就是國會的所在地，這個名字是為了紀念英國女王伊麗莎白二世登基60周年（之前叫鐘樓）。為了方便，多數英國人和遊客都喜歡稱它為大笨鐘。1856年八月，工人們在斯托克頓開始鑄造這個重達16公噸的大鐘，在隨後運往倫敦的途中大鐘出現裂痕，1858年四月工人們在懷特查普鑄鐘廠對其進行重新鑄造。鐘擺發條是由皇家天文學家設計，並由鐘錶匠愛德華•登特和他的繼子弗雷德裡克共同鑄造，於1854年完工。鐘擺的精度非常高，添加或減少一個便士的重量會讓鐘擺速度每天發生10分之4秒的改變。但最終一切還得等到鐘樓完工才能使用，而鐘樓是在1859年完工的。除了戰爭年代和出現偶爾故障，大笨鐘從建成到現在一直在報時。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_BOLSHOI_THEATRE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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莫斯科大劇院是莫斯科有名的芭蕾舞歌劇院，也是世界上歷史最悠久、規模最大的劇院之一（擁有200多名芭蕾舞演員）。芭蕾舞隊由尤盧索王子和來自英國的劇院經理邁克爾•馬多克斯創立於1776年三月。之前為私人住宅進行表演，後來芭蕾舞隊有了足夠的資金買下了羅夫卡劇院，並於1780年十二月第一次向民眾開放。不幸的是，羅夫卡劇院在1805年被燒毀，後來又新建了新阿爾巴特劇院，不過後者於1812年在拿破崙佔領這座城市時也被燒毀。雖然建立於1821年至1824年間的莫斯科大劇院在1843年、1856年、1921年、2002年和2011年間被進行過大面積翻修，但其在大火中幸免於難。莫斯科大劇院最近的一次翻修包括將劇院音質效果恢復成原先的高質量狀態（音質效果曾被前蘇聯弄的一團糟），此外，恢復了之前氣派的宮廷裝飾（宮廷裝飾被前蘇聯破壞掉了）。雖然票價高達5000盧布，但芭蕾舞團和歌劇表演的門票依然全部售罄，來觀看表演的大多是遊客。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_BROADWAY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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百老匯是位於紐約市的一條長街，橫貫曼哈頓中心區域和布朗克斯區，全長為24公里，周圍聚集了辦公室、商場及公寓，但這並未為它吸引人氣。相反，百老匯最著名的地方是42和53街之間的被稱為「不夜城」的中間區域，也就是劇院區。19世紀中期，百老匯上出現了大量的劇院。1880年，麥迪遜和聯合廣場之間的一條街道全被弧光燈照亮，這是美國最早使用電燈的街道之一（在民宅、醫院和學校使用電燈之前，紐約市民在劇院就見識過這種燈了）。隨著美國人財富和文化需求的增長，劇院成了大家都渴望去的地方。截止到1900年，這條街上已經聚集了20多家劇院，劇院耀眼的電子廣告牌讓這條街成為了不夜城。在1925年的全盛時期，百老匯上聚集了80家劇院。這些劇院為大眾提供豐富的文化娛樂產品，主要上演時事諷刺劇和音樂劇。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_CHICHEN_ITZA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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馬雅人決定把他們偉大的石頭之城建立在尤卡坦的叢林之中，而不是建立在美麗的海灘上。不論他們這樣選址的原因是什麼，契琴伊薩確實是一個匯集了房屋、寺廟、宮殿、庭院和球場等非凡藝術傑作的大都市；其中一些裝飾建築可以追溯到1500年前。球賽對這個城市來講非常特別，因為在比賽結束後，獲勝球隊的隊長會被斬首，以此來祭神（這點看起來倒像是在比賽裡故意失敗的理由），斬首的地點可能是在宏偉的庫庫爾坎神廟金字塔那裡。契琴伊薩經歷了蓬勃發展的過程，直到13世紀，馬雅人之間的起義和內戰爆發了，也就是從那時開始，城市發展急劇下滑，繁榮的時光一去不復返。戰爭年代，民不聊生，生病無處醫治，到處都在鬧飢荒。在西班牙征服馬雅的時候，契琴伊薩市中心早已荒蕪人煙，一片廢墟。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_COLOSSEUM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
弗拉維安圓形劇場，又名「羅馬圓形大劇場」，位於羅馬市中心。修建於約西元72年維斯西巴安皇帝統治時期，猶太戰爭期間，靠耶路撒冷淪陷之後由第二聖殿劫掠而來的戰利品修建而成。大劇場為混凝土和石頭建成，是當時所建成的最大的競技場，也是古代建築和工程的偉大奇蹟之一。它可以容納5萬至8萬名觀眾觀看角鬥比賽、獵殺動物、大規模處決等。至中世紀基督教深入人心之時，它已經轉變成了廉租公寓、工作坊、修道會營房、一個採石場和一個基督教神殿。儘管遭受了地震的破壞和盜石者的掠奪，這座一開始用於角鬥屠戮的圓形大劇場在兩千年之後依舊非常引人注目。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_COLOSSUS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
羅德島太陽神巨像是一尊高30公尺的太陽神海利歐斯的青銅像，該銅像是為了慶祝勝利而建立，由敵人入侵失敗後遺棄的武器裝備熔化的黃銅和鐵所鑄成。銅像始建於西元前292年，由來自林多斯的雕塑家查爾斯負責鑄造，工程於西元前280年完成，令所有人都驚訝不已。雖然鑄造的細節有點模糊不清（一切只存在於古老的歷史之中），高聳的雕像被放置在一個15公尺高的大理石底座之上，俯瞰曼德拉基港。但是銅像僅僅矗立了56年就因地震而倒塌。埃及托勒密三世本來願意支付其重建費用，但羅德島人拒絕了，因為德爾菲神諭告訴他們，銅像激怒了眾神。雖然可能已經得罪了眾神，但之後近900年間，生鏽的雕像遺跡始終是遊客的「必游」之地。653年，伊斯蘭教哈里發穆阿威葉一世迅速佔領了羅德島，這些新的佔領者又很快把銅像當做廢品賣給了猶太商人，據說這些猶太商人用了900頭駱駝才將這些七零八碎的銅像運走。巨像就這樣，從一堆碎片又變成了一堆碎片。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_CRISTO_REDENTOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
世界上最大的裝飾藝術風格的雕像—Cristo Redentor（「救世基督像」）矗立在科科瓦多山頂，海拔比里約熱內盧高701公尺，監視著那座城市的有罪之人。雕像中的耶穌基督高30公尺，左右手的指間距達到28公尺，他雙臂平舉，俯瞰山下里約熱內盧市的壯觀景象。這座雕像由法國紀念碑雕刻家保羅•蘭多斯基設計，由鋼筋混凝土和滑石製成，把巨大的基督雕像置於城市之上的理念最早是由天主教神父佩德羅•博斯提出；1920年由里約天主教團再次提出，並通過捐贈募集了所需的資金，當然大多都來自巴西虔誠的天主教徒。於1922年開始建造，並於1931年10月對民眾開放。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_EIFFEL_TOWER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
艾菲爾鐵塔是巴黎這座「光之城」的象徵，其得名於亞歷山大•古斯塔夫•埃菲爾，他的公司建造的這座巨大鐵塔是1889年世界博覽會的主要入口。（巴黎的夜晚如艾菲爾鐵塔般華燈璀璨，這麼稱呼似乎是合理的。）在向成群結隊的參觀者開放之時，艾菲爾鐵塔是世界上最高的建築，然而它也是那些自封的文化仲裁員們廣泛爭議和批評的對象。甚至在建造之前，一個由最傑出的法國工程師和藝術家組成的300人委員會向法國工程大臣提交請願書，裡面寫道：「我們這些作家、畫家、雕塑家、建築師和狂烈熱愛著迄今巴黎未觸及之美的信徒，以輕微的法蘭西品味之名，用我們所有的力量，所有的憤怒，抗議建造…這無用又怪異的艾菲爾鐵塔。」許多人也擔心這將花費納稅人一百萬美元，在當時可是一筆不小的數目。對巴黎旅遊局而言幸運的是，抗議被忽略了，而艾菲爾鐵塔最終拔地而起。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_ESTADIO_DO_MARACANA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
官方名稱是小馬里奧球場（一名體育記者的名字），但馬拉卡納球場更被人熟知，球場是里約熱內盧市中心一個大型建築群的一部分。於1948年開始修建，當時巴西剛剛獲得國際足聯世界盃的主辦權，於1950年世界盃第一場比賽時投入使用（大概是那個時候，因為工程並未完工）。不幸的是，在199854名狂熱的球迷面前，在當時世界上最大（最吵）的球場裡，被普遍看好的巴西隊最後以1比2的比分輸給了烏拉圭隊。此後，馬拉卡納球場還主辦過泛美運動會、另一屆世界盃、無數的音樂會和文化活動，以及成千上萬的足球比賽。經過重新改造來縮小規模（可容納78838名觀眾），以及改善場地設施（包括292個新廁所），馬拉卡納球場還在2016年第一次舉辦奧運會（當然是夏季奧運會）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_FORBIDDEN_CITY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
故宮（中國的皇宮）位於北京市中心，沒有皇帝的特許，普通民眾禁止進入；因此，故宮又被稱為「紫禁城」（類似如今大多總統官邸）。故宮建於1408年，由明朝第三位皇帝永樂大帝下令修建這座帶城牆的「城市」，遍佈著優美的花園、典雅的露臺、寧靜的噴泉以及許多實用的辦公室。故宮的規模在幾百年間逐漸擴大，歷經明、清兩朝代24位皇帝。它的最終規模達到約72萬平方公尺，擁有房屋9999間，它被一條52公尺寬的護城河和10公尺高的城牆環繞（為了確保平民不會在未經檢查的情況下進入這裡）。在最鼎盛時期，紫禁城內住了一萬人，所有人都聽命于皇帝一人。如今，只有幾百人住在這華美的宮殿中，有的是嚮導，有的是看門人。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_GREAT_LIBRARY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
人們普遍認為，亞歷山大皇家圖書館始建於西元前3世紀托勒密二世統治時期，在此之前他的父親修建了繆斯神廟。最初的藏品要歸功於法勒魯姆的德米特里，他是亞里斯多德的學生（據說這位著名哲學家的捲軸是圖書館的開端）；在托勒密繼承者的贊助之下，館藏最終達到40萬至70萬古本手卷以及各種羊皮抄本。擴展館藏成了一些統治者的痴迷追求；托勒密三世下達法令，所有前往這座城市的參觀者必須上交他們所擁有的任何著作，這些作品隨後被複製放進了圖書館。對於誰該對圖書館文稿藏品的嚴重損毀負責，觀點分歧極大；通常來說列出的嫌疑人包括西元前48年尤里西斯•凱撒的軍隊，約270年的羅馬皇帝奧勒利安，以及其他人。但的確，殘留的遺跡似乎是391年在大主教西奧菲勒斯的命令之下付之一炬，目的是為了消除異教在埃及的影響——這絕不會是基督徒最後一次焚燒書籍。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_GREAT_LIGHTHOUSE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
位於亞歷山大（這位自負的年輕將軍以自己名字命名的十七座城市之一）的大燈塔，古人稱之為燈塔，據說高度達到120公尺至137公尺，使得它在好幾百年裡一直是文明社會最高的建築之一。燈塔始建於西元前280年，由托勒密一世下令建造，其是亞力山大大帝的馬其頓將領和接班人之一，燈塔建造於一個小島之上，以便幫助指導貿易船隻進入這座繁榮城市的港口，燈塔直至西元前247年才完成，整個工程耗費了800人力。位於巨大燈塔頂端的燈光據說是由固體石灰石塊構成的火爐發出，161公里之外都可以看到。雖然在西元956年至1323年間三次經歷地震破壞，但燈塔並未倒塌，這使其成為存在時間第三長的古代奇觀。最終，西元1480年，埃及的蘇丹開採剩餘的石頭（有的掉進港口）用來建造卡特巴城堡，以此保護亞歷山大港來抵抗鄂圖曼土耳其的侵略（並未奏效）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_GREAT_ZIMBABWE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
根據一系列的傳說，大辛巴威是希巴女王的宮殿。另據其他傳說，它是為所羅門王金礦勞動的工人在工作之餘的休息場所，受蒙騙的一代尋寶人認為這座金礦就在這附近。事實上，令人掃興的是，這是當時辛巴威王國的首都，該王國興起於西元1220年，並於西元1450年滅亡，其首都最終佔地面積約為1700畝，人口最多時約為18000人。大辛巴威全部由石頭建造而成（十分適合叢林環境），但是很快就遭到遺棄，變成了廢墟。該遺址最早由葡萄牙官員維森特•比加多於1531年用筆記錄下來。他提及了壯觀的城牆，那些城牆由鑿刻的石頭組成，而且不用任何灰漿來黏合。遺址分為三部分：山丘建築群、衛城和山谷建築群，大多數考古文物都發掘於山谷建築群，如皂石雕像、黃金珠子、銅錠、青銅矛頭、寶石吊墜和手鐲等等。所以，也許那些尋寶者並沒有被騙得那麼嚴重。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_HAGIA_SOPHIA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
伊斯坦堡（或君士坦丁堡、亦或拜占庭，取決於個人偏好）一度是無數人的家園，雖然其最著名的是作為拜占庭以及之後鄂圖曼帝國的首都。伊斯坦堡還是許多宗教的所在地，最主要的分別是東正教和伊斯蘭教。沒有什麼能像壯麗的聖索菲亞大教堂（字面意思是「神聖的智慧」）一樣在同一穹頂之下體現如此多樣的內涵。聖索菲亞大教堂在532年作為希臘東正教教堂開始建造，已為敬拜者服務了近1500年。1453年，君士坦丁堡在被鄂圖曼佔領之後，其名稱也被改變，聖索菲亞大教堂也被改為了清真寺。聖索菲亞大教堂富麗堂皇，其結構由石頭和大理石建造而成，頂部是金色圓頂，直徑達31公尺。穆斯林統治者為其增加了四個尖塔。該建築歷經多次地震、火災、暴亂、搶劫（如第四次十字軍東徵期間）以及一次大屠殺（躲進教堂避難的老年人和體弱者被鄂圖曼征服者所屠殺），並得以倖存下來。今天，聖索菲亞大教堂已經變為一座博物館，但它仍然是文明社會裡最引人注目的建築之一。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_HANGING_GARDENS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
空中花園可能根本就不存在，也就更談不上是一個「奇蹟」；巴比倫文獻中從未提及空中花園，也沒有考古證據證明它的存在（不像其他古代世界奇觀）。空中花園的主要證據來源於幾個希臘和羅馬的文本，包括：花園是如何被建造的；建造這些花園的原因；花園的大小和種類；甚至怎樣對花園進行澆灌。根據這些信息，在約西元前600年，尼布甲尼撒二世為其患思鄉病的王妃安美依迪絲（顯然被寵壞了）建造了這座花園，因為王妃思念她故鄉的綠色山丘。歷史的文獻資料也指出，空中花園是一系列上升的平台（很像金字形神塔），由泥磚建成，並且種植著各種各樣的植物。底座據說有37平方公尺，並且整個建築高聳入離地23公尺高的極乾燥的空中；據估計，在巴比倫，空中花園每天需要37278公升的水以維持植物存活。如果空中花園確實存在，那麼它大概是毀於西元1世紀的某個時候。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_HERMITAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
今天位於聖彼得堡著名的埃爾米塔日博物館，其核心包含了宏偉的冬宮，西元1764年凱薩琳大帝建成了宮殿，其巨大的規模彰顯了俄羅斯帝國的權勢和強大，自此以後冬宮一直是沙皇的皇宮。凱薩琳大帝聲稱冬宮是其「珍寶」，並且要繼續用寶物將其填滿，如文藝復興時期的繪畫、飾有寶石的鍍金工藝品（例如，形似法貝熱彩蛋）、王冠，以及其他小飾品。歷經數次擴造改建，西元1852年，尼古拉斯一世向民眾開放冬宮。與此同時，沙皇還在源源不斷地添置藏品。1917年二月革命爆發，冬宮迅速被資產階級臨時政府佔據，直到十月布爾什維克黨奪取政權，並宣佈將冬宮作為禮物獻給無產階級。今天的埃爾米塔日博物館共有5座建築物，是世界上最大的博物館之一，藝術和歷史藏品超過三百萬件，其中繪畫展覽規模位居世界首位。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_MAHABODHI_TEMPLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
摩訶菩提寺（又稱大覺寺）位於菩提伽耶，是佛陀（喬達摩悉達多）四大聖地之一，也正是他徹悟成佛的地方。在寺廟的西面是神聖的菩提樹，佛陀就是在這棵無花果樹下打坐靜思，得道成佛的。儘管如此，第一座摩訶菩提寺（有很多）是由阿育王在約西元前260年建成。目前的寺廟群可以追溯到西元5世紀至西元6世紀之間，其中最突出的建築是佛塔，這座佛塔是印度第一個塊磚結構的建築。之後，寺廟四周又築起了高牆，但具體時間已無從考證。圍牆包圍著菩提樹以及其他六個佛陀徹悟成佛的聖地，因為他花了七周時間在七個不同的地點苦思冥想他自身的啓示，此外高牆還包圍著眾多還願的舍利塔。19世紀80年代，英屬印度對其進行了修繕。1949年，該地的控制權交給了比哈爾州政府。今天，世界各地的佛教徒紛紛前往菩提迦耶朝聖，將其視為他們信仰的至高神聖之地。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_MONT_ST_MICHEL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
聖米歇爾山坐落在諾曼第和布列塔尼之間的岩石小島上，四周環繞著受海洋潮汐衝刷的沙堤，這是一座哥德式的本篤會修道院，建於西元11世紀至16世紀之間，是為了奉獻給大天使聖米歇爾。除了聖奧貝爾的頭骨，這座修道院還存放了少量的聖佩托克和聖奧拉夫以及其他的聖物。這個地方的確有一個實用的目的；它高高的圍牆，塔樓和位置使其極具戰略價值…一個又一個的法國國王都派遣過一支支小部隊（只需這麼多人）在這裡駐紮。在退潮時，對於那些迫切希望捐出一兩個硬幣以祈求保佑的朝聖者而言，他們很容易接近這一區域。在漲潮時，即將到來的海水能夠擱淺或者淹沒任何進攻勢力。修道院在百年戰爭期間以及之後的時間裡從未被攻佔過。它的位置也使其成為監禁頑固不化的叛徒和其他罪人的理想之地；路易十一將修道院變成了一座監獄，一直持續到舊制度結束。只可惜現在它僅僅是一個旅遊景點而已。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_ORACLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
在古希臘，女祭司在很多地方進行預言，其中最著名的（神秘）地點是德爾菲神諭，這是一座阿波羅神殿，位於帕爾納索斯山的斜坡之上。一位名為「皮提亞」的女祭司——為了獲得適當報酬——會在這裡替人解夢，她能靈魂出竅與神交流，還能解讀獻祭動物內臟中的標誌（小氣的人獻祭雞，願意多花錢的人獻祭山羊）。神諭早在西元前1400年開始運營，香火鼎盛，直至羅馬人帶來了基督教。規模最大的是莊嚴的阿波羅神殿（理所當然）。神廟一直矗立在那裡，直到390年狄奧多西一世下令將其拆毀。在整個4世紀裡，這裡始終是異教徒的活躍中心，皮西安競技會（如今的奧運會的前身）也至少持續到424年。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_OXFORD_UNIVERSITY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
自1096年開始，英語國家最古老的大學——牛津大學開始授課。它當時還只是一個小小的教學機構，1148年，亨利二世向其頒佈皇家憲章，並於1167年開始禁止英國學生就讀巴黎大學。雖然其在英國內戰時期是保皇黨人的聚集中心，但它卻在那次錯誤中倖存了下來，並開始在政治上嶄露頭角。19世紀中期，牛津開設的課程受到了德國高等教育改革模式的極大影響，一些學者也隨之出現，如蒲賽、喬伊特、穆勒。牛津大學第一所女子學院（瑪格麗特夫人學堂）創立於1878年。1974年，五所先前只招收男性的學院首次招收女性。此後，一切都變得不一樣了。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_PETRA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
佩特拉古城位於紅海和死海之間，由納巴泰人於西元前400年在瓦迪穆薩（今約旦境內）周邊的紅砂岩上開鑿出來，顯然這些人有大把空閒時間。在埃及、希臘和聖經的史料中記載到，佩特拉古城發展成了一個主要的商隊中心，這裡是連接北方阿拉伯、埃及和敘利亞至關重要的十字路口。古城四周群山環繞，人們在此鑿出峽谷通道，具有很高的防禦性；茫茫沙漠中，巧妙又廣闊的水池和水庫系統使這裡成為了貿易中心。全盛時期，佩特拉古城大約居住了2萬人，並成為了納巴泰王國的首都。直到106年，羅馬人到來，將其吞併。在多次地震和羅馬人稅收的重壓之下，佩特拉古城最終在200年後遭到遺棄——直到1812年才由瑞士探險家貝克哈特重新發現。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_POTALA_PALACE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
因為西藏沒有太多的平地，所以布達拉宮將地基建在了紅山南坡之上，它依山而建，是歷代達賴喇嘛的居所（直至1959年十四世達賴喇嘛叛亂失敗後出逃）。宮殿因補怛洛伽山得名，那裡是十一面觀世音菩薩所在之地。今天，在付費遊客看來，宮殿深紅色和白色的牆壁，以及金色的屋頂都「閃耀著神聖的光芒」。1645年，五世達賴喇嘛羅桑嘉措開始在拉薩建造這座「現代」宮殿，並於四年後入住。此後，這座宏偉的建築物又陸陸續續進行擴建，特別是1694年建成的紅宮和靈塔。但是，應該指出的是，布達拉宮只有一個廁所，位於右側的白宮廣場…儘管如此，人們仍然認為它是地球上最美麗的廁所，因為充滿著陽光和善念。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_PYRAMIDS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
雖然金字塔從古埃及王國開始修建，一直到托勒密王朝滅亡時結束，但是從埃及第三王朝到第六王朝期間（大約500年），巨大的石塊就已在尼羅河沿岸堆積開來。吉薩金字塔幾乎是古埃及「榮耀」的代名詞，它修建於約西元前2560年，是胡夫法老（除維持疆域統治範圍以外，他在其他方面表現得平凡無奇）的陵墓。金字塔被認為是古代世界七大奇蹟之一。修建吉薩金字塔的工人成千上萬，其中包括熟練的石匠，金字塔上還覆蓋著「鑄石」（磨光的石灰岩石板），這些都證明了當時埃及的國力以及當地人對於來世的信仰——至少對精英來說是這樣。迄今為止，在這個曾經世上最偉大的帝國，已發現了135座金字塔。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_RUHR_VALLEY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
從18世紀開始，魯爾區就已開始採礦作業——這裡曾是世界上煤碳和鐵礦產量最高的地區。最初，人們透過露天開採就可以輕易獲取礦石資源；在表層礦石開採一空後，德國礦工越挖越深。截止到1850年，魯爾區及其周邊進行開採作業的礦井達到了300個。由於將這些礦產資源運送到其他地方十分麻煩，於是煤礦、高爐、軋鋼廠以及其他工業革命的高煙囪開始遍地開花，魯爾區不僅出產煤炭和鋼鐵，截至1820年，此處還有成百上千的水力工廠生產紡織品、木材和鐵條。滿是工資奴隸的城市中心在這片土地上擴張開來…直至今日，波鴻、多特蒙德、杜伊斯堡以及埃森形成了一個連通的大都市。隨著煤炭和鋼鐵工業的衰退，魯爾區經歷了文化轉型，礦業同盟煤礦建築群和奧伯豪森貯氣罐這樣的大建築物，已經改頭換面成為了歷史地標，甚至被聯合國教科文組織列入世界遺產名錄。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_STONEHENGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
五十公噸重的數個石板依照星辰、太陽的走向排成一個圓圈，巨石陣是座二合一天文站兼神殿。約5000年前建於英格蘭南部，由許多石頭排成的複數同心圓，並有一條壕溝（或「石陣」）環繞。石陣就緒後，過了約一千年，「藍砂岩」內圈也排列到位，緊接著是更大的外圈，約五百年後放置的筆挺「砂岩原礫」石。八十塊藍砂岩每塊重約四噸，來自386公里外的採石場；砂岩原礫石則是在約32公里外經切割後運送而來。無論這是如何做到的，也無論是出於什麼樣的目的，即使在幾千年後的今天，巨石陣仍然是一項「令人驚奇的」成就。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_SYDNEY_OPERA_HOUSE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
自20世紀40年代以來，在雪梨的便利朗角建造一座巨大的藝術中心的爭論始終不絕於耳。1956年，新南威爾斯州政府宣佈一項無任何限制的競賽，目的是設計出恢弘的作品，從而向世界表明雪梨的好品味。丹麥建築師約恩•烏松憑借其獨特的表現主義設計方案最終獲勝，即一系列的預製混凝土「殼片」，外表覆蓋一百多萬白色或奶油色的瓷磚，搭配室內玻璃幕牆。這項充滿疑問的設計是如此獨特，以至於歷時十六年花費超過預算十倍的資金才最終完工。但是，1973年十月竣工且正式為伊麗莎白二世專用之後，這裡就此成為曾經這塊流放地的標誌性符號。從2679座的大音樂廳到私密的210座烏松廳，雪梨歌劇院為澳大利亞及新西蘭地區帶來了各式各樣的演出。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_TERRACOTTA_ARMY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
秦始皇追求長生不老，卻沒能成功，因此作為秦朝第一位皇帝，在他死後，他要確保安葬自己的陵寢一定要與自己生前的豐功偉績相一致。秦始皇一直都傲慢自大，他在西元前246年就下令開始建造自己的陵墓，此時的他年僅13歲，而且剛剛登上王位不久。根據600年後中國地理學家酈道元的記載，秦始皇選擇在驪山建造陵墓，原因在於驪山吉利的地質情況，其南面盛產翡翠，而北坡則盛產黃金。《史記》（由司馬遷撰寫）記載，其共徵用了約70萬勞工進行陵墓的挖掘工作，並且陪葬了共計8000名士兵、130輛馬拉戰車，以及150名騎兵——所有這一切都是由黏土陶器製成——而且都配備了功能武器。所有都以軍事編隊形式排列。因此，人們稱之為「兵馬俑」。1974年，這裡的平靜被打破，當時試圖挖井的農民發現了這一切。原來傲慢自大也不過如此。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_VENETIAN_ARSENAL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
威尼斯兵工廠始建於1104年，最終形成了涵蓋造船廠、軍械庫和武器商店的龐大建築群。其目的是為了滿足威尼斯海軍的需求，依靠兵工廠，威尼斯共和國才能維護其自身獨立，以及利潤豐厚的海上貿易航線，因此它被認為是「前工業文明時期集中式結構的大型生產綜合體的重要範例」。兵工廠在不同地方生產預製的船部件、軍備、繩索、風帆以及一切需要的東西，如有必要，可以在一天之內製造出一艘軍艦。蒙特洛山上的國有林場可提供木材和瀝青。約1460年新建了通往兵工廠的波爾圖麥格納（「大門」），此設計出自藝術家雅格布•貝利尼之手，這是在威尼斯建造的第一個古典復興建築；1687年，兩隻在希臘獲得的石獅子被放置在入口處以震懾訪客。在派遣軍艦於地中海打敗威尼斯的挑戰者之前，兵工廠還生產了絕大部分的威尼斯商船，從而將財富帶回城邦…以便建造更多船隻。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CREDITS
Text:
[3]CREDITS



[2]Firaxis Games
[1]Sid Meier's Civilization VI




[2]TEAM LEADERSHIP
[3]Lead Designer
[4]Ed Beach

[3]Lead Engineer
[4]Ken Grey

[3]Art Director
[4]Brian Busatti

[3]DLC Art Director
[4]Jason Johnson

[3]Senior Producer
[4]Dennis Shirk

[3]DLC Senior Producer
[4]Andrew Frederiksen

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]DESIGN TEAM

[3]Lead Designer
[4]Ed Beach

[3]Designer/Programmers
[4]Matthew Beach
[4]Brian Feldges
[4]Andrew Garrett
[4]Anton Strenger

[3]Lead AI Engineer
[4]Andrew Garrett

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]PRODUCTION TEAM

[3]Senior Producer
[4]Dennis Shirk

[3]DLC Senior Producer
[4]Andrew Frederiksen

[3]Associate Producer
[4]Sarah Darney

[3]Additional Production
[4]Amy Pickens, Technical Animation Group
[4]Stuart E. Zissu, Systems and IHV Support

[3]Writers
[4]Alexander Horn
[4]Rex Martin
[4]Zach Bush

[3]Additional Writing
[4]Steffen Drees
[4]Angelica Fuchs
[4]Carlton Harrison
[4]Dominic “Bull” Mancuso
[4]Timothy McCracken
[4]Peter Murray
[4]Maurice Suckling
[4]Charles Webb
[4]Scott Wittbecker

[3]Special Thanks
[4]Andrew Alan Johnson

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]PROGRAMMING TEAM

[3]Lead Engineer
[4]Ken Grey

[3]Gameplay Engineers
[4]Eric Jordan
[4]Adam Sherburne
[4]Scott Spanburg

[3]Additional Gameplay Engineers
[4]Jeff Hiebert, Ghostpunch
[4]Olex Lozitskiy, Ghostpunch

[3]Lead Systems Engineer
[4]Greg Osefo

[3]Systems Engineers
[4]Ian Schmidt
[4]Adam Sherburne

[3]Lead Graphics Engineer
[4]Josh Barczak

[3]Graphics Engineers
[4]Navjot Garg
[4]Arthur Gould
[4]Kevin Jones
[4]John Kloetzli
[4]Theodore Maselko
[4]David Raabe
[4]Jeremy Shopf
[4]Kiran Sudhakara
[4]Marek Vojtko

[3]Lead Database/Modding Engineer
[4]Shaun Seckman

[3]Lead Interface Engineer
[4]Tronster

[3]Interface Engineers
[4]Samuel Batista
[4]Whitney Bell
[4]Joe Cortese

[3]Additional Interface Engineers
[4]Keaton VanAuken, Ghostpunch

[3]Lead Multiplayer Engineer
[4]Bradley Olson

[3]Multiplayer Engineers
[4]Todd Smith

[3]Lead Tools Engineer
[4]Brian Whitman

[3]Tools Engineers
[4]David Gurley

[3]Additional UI and Gameplay Support

[3]Blind Squirrel Games
[4]Chris Wade – Gameplay Engineer
[4]Leo Simkin – Gameplay Engineer
[4]David Baker – Executive Producer
[4]Amanda Khoury – Associate Producer

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]ART TEAM

[3]Art Director
[4]Brian Busatti

[3]DLC Art Director
[4]Jason Johnson

[3]Lead Interface Designer
[4]Whitney Bell

[3]DLC Lead Interface Designer
[4]David Cory

[3]Interface Artists
[4]Rob Sugama

[3]Lead Animator
[4]Hector Antunez

[3]DLC Lead Animator
[4]Grant Chang

[3]Animators
[4]Rachel Anchors
[4]Aaron Andersen
[4]Lou Ferina
[4]Alex Kim
[4]Greg Marlow
[4]Dennis Moellers
[4]Daniel Perry
[4]David Senita
[4]Justin Thomas
[4]Bryan Twomey

[3]Additional Animators
[4]Jason Johnson

[3]Technical Animation Group
[4]Brian Evans
[4]John Stewart

[3]Additional Technical Animation
[4]Savannah Myers

[3]Lead Character Artist
[4]Matthew Kean

[3]Lead Unit Modeling
[4]David Jones

[3]Character and Unit Modelers
[4]John Fitzgerald
[4]Ryan Jackson
[4]David Jones
[4]Michael Unkrich

[3]Additional Unit Modelers
[4]Benjamin McArdle
[4]Gameshastra Solutions Private Limited

[3]Lead Environment Artist
[4]Jason Johnson

[3]Environment Artists
[4]Clark Coots

[3]Lead Structure Modeler
[4]Matthew Quickel

[3]Structure Modelers
[4]Jerome Atherholt
[4]Michael Bates
[4]Todd Bergantz
[4]Andrew Clark
[4]Clark Coots
[4]Tommy Cox
[4]Alex Llivicura
[4]Matt McAuliffe
[4]Rambo Siu

[3]Additional Structure Modelers
[4]John Dunford

[3]Lead Visual Effects Artist
[4]Troy Adam

[3]Visual Effects Artists
[4]Michael Bazzell
[4]Rick Menkhaus

[3]Additional Visual Effects Artists
[4]Todd Bilger

[3]Lead Concept Artist
[4]Sang Han

[3]DLC Lead Concept Artist
[4]Kat Berkley

[3]Concept Artists
[4]Taylor Fischer
[4]Sam Gauss
[4]Michael Tassie
[4]Ryan Andrade
[4]Aaron Whitehead

[3]Additional Concept Artists
[4]Andrew Bosley
[4]Eric Ehoff
[4]Jeff Paulsrud
[4]Colleen Peck

[3]Motion Graphics Designer
[4]Steve Ogden

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]AUDIO

[3]Lead Audio Designer
[4]Roland Rizzo

[3]Associate Lead Audio Designer
[4]Griffin Cohen

[3]Sound Designers
[4]Griffin Cohen
[4]Dan Costello
[4]Roland Rizzo
[4]Christopher D'Ambrosio
[4]Dan Price

[3]In-Game Music
[4]Geoff Knorr
[4]Roland Rizzo
[4]Tim Wynn

[3]Opening Cinematic and Main Menu Music
[4]Christopher Tin

[3]End Game Cinematic Music
[4]Geoff Knorr
[4]Christopher Tin

[3]Additional Electronics and Arrangements
[4]Phill Boucher

[3]Audio Programmer
[4]Ian Schmidt

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]Performers

[3]Prague FILMharmonic Orchestra
[4]Orchestra conducted by Andy Brick
[4]Rita Cepurcenko, Concertmistress
[4]Kuhn Mixed Choir
[4]Marek Vorlicek, Choir Conductor
[4]Jan Holzner, Orchestra and Choir Recording Engineer
[4]Petr Pycha, Orchestra Contractor
[4]Tomas Kirschner, Orchestra Librarian
[4]Geoff Knorr, Orchestrator
[4]Chris Whittaker, Orchestral Parts Preparation
[4]Orchestra Recorded at Smecky Music Studios
[4]Niccolo Seligmann, Bass Viol, Vielle, Kemence
[4]Deepak Ram, Bansuri
[4]Bing Xia, Guzheng
[4]Chakib Hilali, Oud, Ney, Kawala
[4]Kylie Hilali, Qanun
[4]Brad Kolodner, Banjo
[4]Patrick McAvinue, Fiddle
[4]Kahil Nayton, Cavaquinho
[4]Cesar Garabini, 7-string guitar
[4]Sissel Morken Gullord, Norwegian Bukkehorn
[4]Andrei Saveliev, Balalaika
[4]Mathew Poovan, Sitar
[4]Souvik Ghosh, Tabla
[4]Chris Reber, Mandolin
[4]Dave Hadley, Dobro
[4]Benjamin Beirs, Classical Guitar
[4]Sandro Freidrich, Duduk, Hotchiku, Recorder, Bombarde, Pivava, Tenor Pivana, Schwegel, Occorsoflute,
[4]Kaval, Ciaramella, Bass Recorder, Bena, Erdklangfloete, Ocarina, Floyera, Doucaine, Tin Whistle
[4]Ronnie Nyogetsu Reishin Seldin, Shakuhachi
[4]Roland Rizzo, South American Flutes
[4]Geoff Knorr, 9-String Golden Lyre of Erato
[4]Jon Anders Narum, Norwegian Bukkenhorn Recording Engineer

[3]Kongolese Instrumental Recording by Regulus Sound Productions (PTY) LTD – South Africa
[4]Caleb Vaughn-Jones, Producer, Recording Engineer, double bass, nyunganyunga, mbira
[4]Simphiwe Funde, Production assistant, African instruments
[4]Brent Kennedy, Production assistant and language transcriber
[4]Joe Van Der Linden, guitar
[4]Massi Bambino, vocals and Kongolese music researcher
[4]Sebastian Sala, vocals and Kongolese music researcher
[4]Candice Bowkers, Recording Engineer

[3]Additional Vocals
[4]Kyle du Preez, African vocals

[3]Mixing and Mastering
[4]Geoff Knorr

[3]Cinematic and Main Menu Score
[4]Main Menu: "Sogno di Volare (The Dream of Flight)"
[4]Composed by Christopher Tin
[4]Lyrics by Leonardo da Vinci, adapted by Chiara Cortez
[4]Performed by Angel City Chorale, Cappella SF and the Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra
[4]Mixed by Jason Schweitzer
[4]Recorded at Abbey Road Studios, Skywalker Sound, The Bridge and MRTV Studio M1
[4]Recording Engineers: Andrew Dudman, Leslie Ann Jones, Milton Gutierrez and Giorgi Hristovski

[4]Opening Movie: "A New Course"
[4]Composed by Christopher Tin
[4]Lyrics by Leonardo da Vinci, adapted by Chiara Cortez
[4]Performed by Cappella SF and the Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra
[4]Mixed by Leslie Ann Jones
[4]Recorded at Skywalker Sound, The Bridge, and MRTV Studio M1
[4]Recording Engineers: Leslie Ann Jones, Milton Gutierrez and Giorgi Hristovski

[4]Additional Arrangements by Alex Williamson
[4]Additional Orchestrations by Jerome Leroy
 
[3]Angel City Chorale
[4]Music Director: Sue Fink
 
[3]Cappella SF
[4]Music Director: Ragnar Bohlin
 
[3]Orchestra: Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra
[4]F.A.M.E.'S. Project - Skopje
[4]Conductor : Oleg Kondratenko
[4]Recording Engineer : Giorgi Hristovski
[4]Pro Tools Operator : Atanas Babaleski
[4]Stage Manager : Riste Trajkovski
[4]Mixed by Leslie Ann Jones at Skywalker Sound
[4]Assistant Mix Engineer: Dann Thompson
[4]Pro Tools Editor: Andre Zweers
 
[4]Additional Arrangements by Alex Williamson
[4]Additional Orchestrations by Jerome Leroy

[3]Special Thanks
[4]Radio Active Productions Publishing Studio
[4]Peabody Institute Recording Arts and Sciences

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]SIGNAL SPACE
[3]Creative Director
[4]Jose Aguirre

[3]Researcher
[4]Inga Knoth

[3]Audio Editor
[4]Valentino Lercher

[3]Audio Editor
[4]Matthew Knutson

[3]Project Manager
[4]Christopher Fox

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]SOLID AIR

[3]VO Editors
[4]Transatlantic Audio/Dante Fazio
[4]Austin Krier
[4]Garrett Montgomery M.P.S.E
[4]Stephen Selvaggio

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]QUALITY ASSURANCE

[3]QA Supervisor
[4]Timothy McCracken

[3]QA Lead
[4]Carlton Harrison

[3]Testers
[4]Daron Carlock
[4]Steffen Drees
[4]Carlton Harrison
[4]Jen Kraft
[4]Dominic “Bull” Mancuso
[4]Kelsey Orem

[3]Additional Testing
[4]Albert Briggs
[4]Bennett Kauffman
[4]Santiago Loane
[4]Joseph Walker
[4]Chloe Wright

[3]Testing Interns
[4]Steven Eisner
[4]James Hopkins
[4]Sam McNear

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]FIRAXIS LIVE TEAM

[3]Producer
[4]Clint McCaul

[3]Senior Network Programmer
[4]Michael Springer

[3]Senior Online Services Engineer
[4]Robert Dye

[3]Telemetry Programmer
[4]Timothy Talley

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]FIRAXIS MANAGEMENT

[3]CEO / President
[4]Steve Martin

[3]Creative Director
[4]Sid Meier

[3]Studio Art Director
[4]Arne Schmidt

[3]Director of Software Development
[4]Steve Meyer

[3]Director of Gameplay Development
[4]Barry Caudill

[3]Executive Producer
[4]Kelley Gilmore

[3]Director of Marketing
[4]Lindsey Riehl

[3]Marketing Associate
[4]Peter Murray

[3]Community Manager
[4]Kevin Schultz

[3]Human Resources Director
[4]Shawn Kohn

[3]Office Manager
[4]Donna Milesky

[3]IT Manager
[4]Josh Scanlan

[3]IT Technician
[4]Matt Baros
[4]David McFall

[3]Special Projects
[4]Susan Meier

[3]Special Thanks
[4]Joanne Miller
[4]Beth Petrovich

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]MODDING CONTRIBUTIONS

[3]UI
[4]Bradd Szonye - Map Tacks

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]FRANKENSTEIN TEST GROUP
[4]Camikaze
[4]Sam "SamBC" Barnett-Cormack
[4]David "Browd" Brown
[4]Gloria "Nolan" Carson
[4]Sean "Gorbles" Hickman
[4]MadDjinn
[4]Joel "colonelmustard" Myers
[4]Adam "Pouakai" Partridge
[4]Daniel "DanQ" Quick
[4]Rob Riley
[4]Hannah "Codex" Schofield
[4]Elliot "Ekmek" Schroeder
[4]Anthony "Ztaesek" Seekatz
[4]Peter "Maniac" Steenbeke
[4]Daniels "Solver" Umanovskis
[4]Stephen "WarningU2" Warner
[4]Frithjof Nikolai Wilborn
[4]Onno "donald23" Zaal

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]VENDOR SUPPORT

[3]AMD
[4]Cristian Cutocheras
[4]Raul Aguaviva
[4]Josh Salem

[3]NVidia
[4]Timofey Cheblokov
[4]Alex Dunn
[4]Amanpreet Grewal

[3]Intel
[4]Raja Bala
[4]Chris Seitz

[3]Quixel
[4]Teddy Bergsman
[4]Eric Ramberg

[3]Wwise
[4]Martin Dufour
[4]Adrien Lavoie

[3]Fork
[4]Noor Khawaja

[3]Valve
[4]Justin York

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]PRODUCTION BABIES
[4]Alan
[4]Dominic
[4]Eleanor
[4]Graham
[4]Gwendolyn and MacArthur
[4]Ian
[4]Leah
[4]Luca
[4]Owen
[4]Owen

[4]To all of our families and loved ones! Thank you for your patience and support!

[4]Published by 2K
[4]2K is a publishing label of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc.

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K PUBLISHING

[3]President
[4]Christoph Hartmann

[3]C.O.O.
[4]David Ismailer

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

[3]VP, Product Development
[4]John Chowanec
[3]Director of Product Development
[4]Melissa Miller

[3]Sr. Producer
[4]Garrett Bittner

[3]Producer
[4]Joe Faulstick

[3]Associate Producers
[4]Andrew Dutra
[4]Meghan Lee

[3]Production Assistants
[4]Ross Marabella
[4]Shelby Martin

[3]Digital Release Manager
[4]Tom Drake

[3]Digital Release Assistant
[4]Myles Murphy

[3]Additional Production Support
[4]Tiffany Nagano

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K CREATIVE DEVELOPMENT

[3]VP, Creative Development
[4]Josh Atkins

[3]Design Directors
[4]Jonathan Pelling
[4]Francois Giuntini

[3]Art Director
[4]Robert Clarke

[3]Sr. Director, Creative Production
[4]Jack Scalici

[3]Director, Creative Production
[4]Chad Rocco

[3]Sr. Manager, Creative Production
[4]Josh Orellana

[3]Creative Production Coordinator
[4]William Gale

[3]Creative Production Assistants
[4]Cathy Neeley
[4]Megan Rohr

[3]Media Producer
[4]Mike Read

[3]Developer Support Team – Visual Effects Lead
[4]Stephen Babb

[3]Developer Support Team – Animation Lead
[4]PJ Leffelman

[3]Developer Support Team – Modeling Lead
[4]Peter Turner

[3]Gameplay Capture Lead
[4]Homer Rabara

[3]Gameplay Capture Team
[4]Luke McCarthy
[4]Dana Koerlin

[3]Director of Research and Planning
[4]Mike Salmon

[3]Sr. Market Researcher
[4]David Rees

[3]User Testing Manager
[4]Francesca Reyes

[3]User Researcher
[4]Jonathan Bonillas

[3]User Test Assistant
[4]Julian O’Neal

[3]Motion Capture Supervisor
[4]David Washburn

[3]Motion Capture Stage Manager
[4]Anthony Tominia

[3]Motion Capture Stage Technicians
[4]Jen Antonio
[4]Emma Castles
[4]Jeremy Schichtel
[4]Alexandra Grant
[4]Christopher Barton

[3]Motion Capture Production Manager
[4]Charles Ghislandi

[3]Motion Capture Specialists
[4]Ryan Girard
[4]Michelle Hill
[4]Jose Gutierrez
[4]Gil Espanto
[4]Jeremy Wages

[3]Motion Capture Pipeline Engineer
[4]Charles “Auggie” Harris III

[3]Motion Capture Media Supervisor
[4]J. Mateo Baker

[3]Motion Capture Audio Assistant
[4]Andrew Hanson

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K CORE TECH

[3]VP, Technology
[4]Mark James

[3]Director of Engineering
[4]David R. Sullivan

[3]Operations Manager, Core Tech
[4]Peter Driscoll

[3]Sr. Online Architect
[4]Louis Ewens

[3]Lead Technical Artist
[4]Jonathan Tilden

[3]Principal Technical Artist
[4]Kris DeMartini

[3]Senior Software Engineer
[4]Mitchell Fisher

[3]Software Engineer
[4]Jack Lui
[4]Jason Howard

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K Account TEAM

[3]Lead Software Engineer
[4]Adam Lupinacci

[3]Producer
[4]Jason Johnson

[3]Jr. Technical Producer
[4]Nick Silva

[3]Sr. Software Engineers
[4]Alberto Covarrubias
[4]Dale Russell
[4]Robin Lavallee
[4]Sky Schulz
[4]Scott Barrett

[3]Sr. Dev Ops Engineer
[4]Matthew Rich

[3]Jr. Engineers
[4]Sourav Dey
[4]Taylor Owen-Millner

[3]QA Manager
[4]Ian Moore

[3]Sr. QA Tester
[4]Greg Vargas

[3]QA Testers
[4]Mackenzie Hume
[4]Parisa Mirshah

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K MARKETING

[3]SVP, Marketing
[4]Sarah Anderson

[3]VP, Marketing
[4]Matt Gorman

[3]VP, International Marketing
[4]Matthias Wehner

[3]Director of Marketing, North America
[4]Kelly Miller

[3]Director, Marketing
[4]Matt Knoles

[3]Product Manager
[4]Jenny Tam

[3]VP of Communications, The Americas
[4]Ryan Jones

[3]Sr. Communications Manager
[4]Richie Churchill

[3]Communications Coordinator
[4]Erica Hebert

[3]Sr. Manager, Community Content
[4]Darren Gladstone

[3]Community and Social Media Managers
[4]David Hinkle

[3]Community Associate
[4]Joseph Bustos

[3]International Project Manager
[4]Ben Kvalo

[3]Creative Director, Marketing
[4]Gabe Abarcar

[3]Sr. Director, Marketing Production
[4]Jackie Truong

[3]Marketing Production Manager
[4]Ham Nguyen

[3]Marketing Production Assistant
[4]Nelson Chao

[3]Sr. Graphic Designer
[4]Christopher Maas

[3]Project Manager
[4]Heidi Oas

[3]Director, Video Production
[4]Kenny Crosbie

[3]Video Editor & Motion Graphics Designers
[4]Michael Regelean
[4]Eric Neff

[3]Video Editor
[4]Peter Koeppen

[3]Associate Video Editors
[4]Doug Tyler
[4]Nick Pylvanainen

[3]Web Director
[4]Nate Schaumberg

[3]Sr. Web Designer
[4]Keith Echevarria

[3]Sr. Web Developer
[4]Alex Beuscher

[3]Web Developer
[4]Gryphon Meyers

[3]Web Producer
[4]Tiffany Nelson

[3]Channel Marketing Managers
[4]Anna Nguyen
[4]Marc McCurdy

[3]Partner Marketing Specialist
[4]Kelsie Lahti

[3]Sr. Director of Events
[4]Lesley Zinn Abarcar

[3]Events Manager
[4]David Iskra

[3]Event Tech Manager
[4]Mario Higareda

[3]Director, Customer Service
[4]Ima Somers

[3]Customer Service Manager
[4]David Eggers

[3]Knowledge Base Coordinator
[4]Mike Thompson

[3]Customer Service Coordinator
[4]Jamie Neves

[3]Customer Service Lead
[4]Crystal Pittman

[3]Senior Customer Service Associates
[4]Alicia Nielsen
[4]Ryosuke Kurosawa

[3]Director, Partnerships & Licensing
[4]Jessica Hopp

[3]Partnerships & Licensing Manager
[4]Ryan Ayalde
[4]Greg Brownstein

[3]Partnership & Licensing Associate Manager
[4]Ashley Landry

[3]Marketing Project Specialist
[4]Kenya Sancristobal

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K OPERATIONS

[3]SVP, Senior Counsel
[4]Peter Welch

[3]Counsels
[4]Justyn Sanderford
[4]Aaron Epstein

[3]VP, Publishing Operations
[4]Steve Lux

[3]Director of Label Operations
[4]Rachel DiPaola

[3]Director of Operations
[4]Dorian Rehfield

[3]Director of Analytics
[4]Mehmet Turan

[3]Sr. Data Analyst
[4]Adam Dobrin

[3]Sr. Analysts
[4]Tuomo Nikulainen
[4]Kyle Bishop

[3]Partner Marketing Manager
[4]Dawn Earp

[3]Licensing & Operations Specialist
[4]Xenia Mul

[3]Operations Coordinator
[4]Aaron Hiscox

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K IT

[3]Sr. Director, 2K IT
[4]Rob Roudebush

[3]Sr. IT Manager
[4]Bob Jones

[3]Sr. Network Manager
[4]Russell Mains

[3]Sr. Systems Engineer
[4]Jon Heysek

[3]Security Systems Engineer
[4]Lee Ryan

[3]Network Engineer
[4]Don Claybrook

[3]Systems Administrator
[4]Fernando Ramirez
[4]Tareq Abbassi
[4]Scott Alexander
[4]Davis Krieghoff

[3]IT Analyst
[4]Michael Caccia

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K ONLINE OPERATIONS

[3]Director, Online Operations
[4]Tim Holman

[3]Mobile Marketing Manager
[4]David Hoffman

[3]Associate Mobile Marketing Manager
[4]Ramon Aranda

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K QUALITY ASSURANCE

[3]SVP of Quality Assurance & Submissions
[4]Alex Plachowski

[3]Test Manager
[4]Doug Rothman

[3]Submission Manager
[4]Scott Sanford

[3]Project Lead
[4]Jason Kolesa

[3]Associate Lead
[4]Alexander Coffin
[4]Joshua Vance

[3]Support Leads
[4]Chris Adams
[4]Nathan Bell

[3]Senior Testers
[4]Kayla Mager
[4]Raynard Moreno
[4]Brian Reiss
[4]Jake Merryman
[4]Keith Rische
[4]Summer Breeze
[4]Todd White

[3]Testers
[4]Anthony Garland
[4]Alex Buckner
[4]Brandon Peterson
[4]Bryan Fritz
[4]Bryant Leos
[4]Bryce Fernandez
[4]Demetri Ghaeni
[4]Douglas Huth
[4]Douglas Reilly
[4]Ian Bennett
[4]James Schindler
[4]Jason Smith
[4]Jorge Segarra
[4]Kelsey Sissons
[4]Kiwawn Pearson
[4]Kristian Garcia
[4]Kyle Kraemer
[4]Kyle Lucero
[4]Mason Gagliardo
[4]Matthew Finck
[4]Michael Galo
[4]Michelle Foley
[4]Miguel Garcia
[4]Monique Davis
[4]Natasha Francois
[4]Nicholas Giebel
[4]Nick Bigler
[4]Preston Chapin-Soriano
[4]Richard Pugh
[4]Robb Bryant
[4]Sacha Moctezuma
[4]Sampson Brier
[4]Seth Kent
[4]Shaylea Gallagher
[4]Steven Danner
[4]Tiffany Chung
[4]Vanessa Derhousoff
[4]Victoria Cormier
[4]Wenceslao Concina
[4]Wesley Bolin
[4]Zachary Little

[3]IT Manager
[4]Chris Jones

[3]2K Las Vegas IT
[4]Kris Jolly
[4]Juan Corral
[4]Cameron Steed
[4]Travis Allen
 
[3]Special Thanks
[4]Alexandria Belk
[4]Ashley Fountaine
[4]Candice Javellonar
[4]David Barksdale
[4]Ian Moore
[4]Jazmine Sarmiento
[4]Jeremy Ford
[4]Jeremy Richards
[4]Joe Bettis
[4]Leslie Cullum
[4]Louis Napolitano
[4]Rachel McGrew

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING

[3]VP Publishing, Operations
[4]Murray Pannell

[3]Director, International Marketing and Communications
[4]Jon Rooke

[3]Head of International Product Marketing
[4]David Halse

[3]Senior International Communications Manager
[4]Wouter van Vugt

[3]International Territory Manager
[4]Warner Guinee

[3]2K International Community & Social Manager
[4]Melaine Brou

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

[3]International Producers
[4]Sajjad Majid

[3]Head of Creative Services and Localisation
[4]Nathalie Mathews

[3]Lead Project Manager
[4]Emma Lepeut

[3]Sr. Design Manager
[4]Tom Baker

[3]External Localization Teams
[4]Around the Word
[4]Effective Media GmbH
[4]Synthesis Iberia
[4]Synthesis International srl
[4]QLOC S.A.

[4]Localization tools and support provided by XLOC Inc.

[3]Localization Special Thanks
[4]Adam Rycki, Adriano Dezulian, Aleksandr Lavrenov, Aleksandr Skakovsky,
[4]Aleksandr Sukhanov, Altieres Rohr, Andrea Della Calce Maucieri, Andrea Peruzzotti,
[4]Ania Wojciechowska, Anna Matsutskaya, Chiara Caccivio, Claudia Rampiconi,
[4]Damaris Reinke, Dashima Zhigzhitova, Elías Pastoriza, Estrella Del Campo,
[4]Floriana Grasso, Francesca Tretto, Gabriel Perez-Ayala, Gema Solís, Jose C. Cabezas,
[4]Katja Kämper, Kira Nepochatova, Laura Bellintani, Maciej Polak, Marie Lorbach,
[4]Marina Rossieva, Mariya Yunger, Massimiliano Chierici, Mike Kolbasnikov,
[4]Monique Paula Pereira, Natalia Kalinina, Nazar Orlov, Oleg Perfilyev, Pablo Trenado,
[4]Paula Ianelli G. Luiz, Paulina Golanowska, Pawel Oleszczuk, Piotr Gozdzik, Roman Firsov,
[4]Salvador Tintore, Stefano Gaburri, Thales Ferreira, Vladislav Lebedinskiy, Yuliana Brezhneva

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE

[3]Localization QA Manager
[4]Jose Minana

[3]Mastering Engineer
[4]Wayne Boyce

[3]Mastering Technician
[4]Alan Vincent

[3]Localization QA Senior Lead
[4]Oscar Pereira

[3]Localization QA Project Lead
[4]Jose Olivares

[3]Localization QA Leads
[4]Alba Loureiro
[4]Elmar Schubert
[4]Florian Genthon

[3]Associate Localization Lead
[4]Cristina La Mura

[3]Senior Localization QA Technicians
[4]Christopher Funke
[4]Enrico Sette
[4]Harald Raschen
[4]Johanna Cohen
[4]Sergio Accettura

[3]Localization QA Technicians
[4]Clement Mosca
[4]Daniel Im
[4]David Sung
[4]Dimitri Gerard
[4]Ernesto Rodriguez-Cruz
[4]Etienne Dumont
[4]Gabriel Uriarte
[4]Gian Marco Romano
[4]Gulnara Bixby
[4]Iris Loison
[4]Javier Vidal
[4]Julio Calle Arpon
[4]Luca Magni
[4]Manuel Aguayo
[4]Martin Schucker
[4]Matteo Lanteri
[4]Namer Merli
[4]Nicolas Bonin
[4]Noriko Staton
[4]Pablo Menendez
[4]Patricia Ramon
[4]Roland Habersack
[4]Samuel Franca
[4]Seon Hee C. Anderson
[4]Shawn Williams-Brown
[4]Sherif Mahdy Farrag
[4]Stefan Rossi
[4]Stefanie Schwamberger
[4]Timothy Cooper
[4]Toni Lopez
[4]Yury Fesechka
[4]Benny Johnson
[4]Tristan Breeden

[3]DESIGN TEAM
[4]James Quinlan

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K INTERNATIONAL TERRITORY MARKETING AND COMMUNICATIONS
[4]Agnes Rosique
[4]Alan Moore
[4]Aaron Cooper
[4]Belinda Crowe
[4]Ben Seccombe
[4]Carlo Volz
[4]Carlos Villasante
[4]Caroline Rajcom
[4]Charley Grafton-Chuck
[4]Dan Cooke
[4]Dennis de Bruin
[4]Devon Stanton
[4]Diana Freitag
[4]Francois Bouvard
[4]Gemma Woolnough
[4]Jan Sturm
[4]Jean Paul Hardy
[4]John Ballantyne
[4]Julien Brossat
[4]Lieke Mandemakers
[4]Maria Martinez
[4]Roger Langford
[4]Sandra Melero
[4]Sean Phillips
[4]Simon Turner
[4]Stefan Eder
[4]Zaida Gomez

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]TAKE-TWO INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
[4]Anthony Dodd
[4]Nisha Verma
[4]Phil Anderton
[4]Denisa Polcerova
[4]Robert Willis

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K ASIA TEAM

[3]Asia General Manager
[4]Jason Wong

[3]Asia Marketing Director
[4]Diana Tan

[3]Sr. Marketing Manager
[4]Jason Dou

[3]Asia Marketing Manager
[4]Daniel Tan

[3]Japan Marketing Manager
[4]Maho Sawashima
[3]Korea Marketing Manager
[4]Dina Chung

[3]Sr. Product Executive
[4]Rohan Ishwarlal

[3]Product Executive
[4]Sharon Lim

[3]Sr. Localization Manager
[4]Yosuke Yano

[3]Localization Coordinator
[4]Pierre Guijarro

[3]Localization Assistant
[4]Yusaku Minamisawa

[3]External Localization Teams
[4]entalize co., ltd.
[4]GlobalWay Co., Ltd.
[4]Jiali Flourishing Age Cultural Communication Co., Ltd.
[4]VGLOC Localization Studios Co., Ltd.

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]TAKE-TWO ASIA OPERATIONS
[4]Eileen Chong
[4]Veronica Khuan
[4]Chermine Tan
[4]Takako Davis
[4]Ryoko Hayashi

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]TAKE-TWO ASIA BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
[4]Erik Ford
[4]Syn Chua
[4]Ellen Hsu
[4]Kelvin Ahn
[4]Paul Adachi
[4]Fumiko Okura
[4]Hidekatsu Tani
[4]Fred Johnson
[4]Ken Tilakaratna
[4]Anna Choi
[4]Cynthia Lee
[4]Hyun Jookyoung

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]2K CHINA QUALITY ASSURANCE

[3]QA Director
[4]Zhang Xi Kun

[3]Localization QA Manager
[4]Du Jing

[3]Civilization VI Localization QA lead
[4]Shigekazu Tsuuchi

[3]Localization QA Leads
[4]Chu Jin Dan
[4]Zhu Jian

[3]Senior QA Testers
[4]Cho Hyunmin
[4]Kan Liang
[4]Qin Qi

[3]QA Testers
[4]Bai Xue
[4]Hu Meng Meng
[4]Jin Xiong Jie
[4]Tan Liu Yang
[4]Tang Shu
[4]Wang Ce
[4]Zhao Yu
[4]Zhou Qian Yu
[4]Zou Zhuo Ke
[4]Liu Kun Peng

[3]Junior QA Testers
[4]Chen Xue Mei
[4]Li Ling Li
[4]Mao Ling Jie
[4]Tang Dan Ru
[4]Xiao Yi
[4]Zhao Jin Yi
[4]Ou Xu
[4]Wang Rui
[4]Pan Zhi Xiong

[3]IT Engineers
[4]Hu Xiang
[4]Zhao Hong Wei
[4]Jiang Fei Kai

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]FOX SOUND STUDIOS
[4]Rick Fox
[4]Victoria Fox

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]Special Thanks

[4]Strauss Zelnick
[4]Karl Slatoff
[4]Lainie Goldstein
[4]Dan Emerson
[4]Jordan Katz
[4]David Cox
[4]Steve Glickstein
[4]Take-Two Sales Team
[4]Take-Two Digital Sales Team
[4]Take-Two Channel Marketing Team
[4]Siobhan Boes
[4]Hank Diamond
[4]Alan Lewis
[4]Daniel Einzig
[4]Christopher Fiumano
[4]Pedram Rahbari
[4]Jenn Kolbe
[4]Greg Gibson
[4]Take-Two Legal Team
[4]David Boutry
[4]Juan Chavez
[4]Rajesh Joseph
[4]Gaurav Singh
[4]Alexander Raney
[4]Barry Charleton
[4]Jon Titus
[4]Gail Hamrick
[4]Tony MacNeill
[4]Chris Bigelow
[4]Brooke Grabrian
[4]Katie Nelson
[4]Chris Burton
[4]Christina Vu
[4]Betsy Ross
[4]Pete Anderson
[4]Oliver Hall
[4]Maria Zamaniego
[4]Nicholas Bublitz
[4]Nicole Hillenbrand
[4]Danielle Williams
[4]Sean Roberts
[4]Gwendoline Oliviero
[4]Ariel Owens-Barham
[4]Kyra Simon
[4]Ashish Popli

[3]Agencies (In alphabetical order):
[4]Access Communications
[4]Freddie Georges Production Group
[4]Kathy Lee-Fung
[4]MODCo Media

[i]TechTree_Meter_Done

[2]EXTERNAL VENDORS AND CONTRACTORS

[3]Music Composition
[4]Geoff Knorr

[3]Additional Music Composition
[4]Christopher Tin
[4]Timothy Michael Wynn
[4]Phill Boucher

[3]Original Score Recording
[4]FILMharmonic Orchestra of Prague
[4]Conductor and Music Director
[4]Andy Brick

[3]Cinematic Sound Design
[4]Source Sound, Inc.
[4]Supervising Sound Designer & Mix
[4]Charles Deenen

[3]Sound Designers
[4]Matt Cavanaugh
[4]Brent Burge
[4]Braden Parkes

[2]Voiceover Cast
[3]Narrator
[4]Sean Bean

[3]Advisor
[4]Natasha Loring

[3]Hojo Tokimune
[4]Yoshi Ando

[3]Pedro II
[4]Renato Belschansky

[3]Tomyris
[4]Alina Irbekov Berezova

[3]Trajan
[4]Gianmarco Ceconi

[3]Frederick Barbarossa
[4]Bert Coll

[3]Peter the Great
[4]Mikhail Danilyuk

[3]Gorgo
[4]Angeliki Dimitrakopoulou

[3]Gilgamesh
[4]Jorge Badillo Galvan

[3]Saladin
[4]Alhan Gharam

[3]Cleopatra
[4]Nirvana Hisham

[3]Qin Shi Huang
[4]Junchao Huang

[3]Mvemba a Nzinga
[4]Mamengi Alfredo Lombisi

[3]Queen Victoria
[4]Lucy Briggs Owen

[3]Catherine de Medici
[4]Lara Valentina Parmiani

[3]Montezuma
[4]Irwin Daayan Rosenthal Sarli

[3]Gandhi
[4]Pawan Shukla

[3]Harald Hardrada
[4]Atli Rafn Sigurdsson

[3]Pericles
[4]Konstantinos Stelloudis

[3]Theodore Roosevelt
[4]Richard Tatum

[3]Philip II
[4]Anton Carmano Vega

[3]Jadwiga
[4]Julia Jakubowska

[3]John Curtin
[4]Simon Burke

[3]Alexander
[4]Dimitris Papadopoulos

[3]Cyrus
[4]Arian Risbaf

[3]Amanitore
[4]Fatma Abd Elsalam

[3]Gitarja
[4]Dyah Febriani

[3]Jayavarman VII
[4]Heng Sarorn

[2]French Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Philippe Catoire

[3]Advisor
[4]Caroline Victoria

[2]German Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Achim Barrenstein

[3]Advisor
[4]Karoline Mask von Oppen

[2]Italian Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Giorgio Bonino

[3]Advisor
[4]Katia Sorrentino

[2]Spanish Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Alfonso Laguna

[3]Advisor
[4]Beatriz Berciano

[2]Polish Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Przemyslaw Walich

[3]Advisor
[4]Joanna Matuszak

[2]Russian Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Andrey Lysenko
[4] 

[3]Advisor
[4]Alina Milosh
[4] 

[2]Japanese Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Kenichi Suzumura

[3]Advisor
[4]Nao Toyama

[2]Korean Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Shin Han

[3]Advisor
[4]Yoon Seon Lim

[2]Simplified Chinese Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Zhang Lei

[3]Advisor
[4]Yang Yi Fang

[2]Traditional Chinese Cast

[3]Narrator
[4]Fang Rong Feng

[3]Advisor
[4]Qi Qi

[2]Voiceover Recording Studios

[3]Lime Studios
[4]Dialog Recordist
[4]Tom Paolantonio
 
[3]Producer
[4]Susie Boyajan

[3]Orchard Recording Studios, Somerset UK

[3]Engineers
[4]Mark Bowyer
[4]James Wilkes
[4]Charlotte Worthy-Jarvis

[3]Side UK

[3]Production Manager
[4]Emily Munster

[3]Sound Engineer
[4]Ant Hales

[2]Additional Voiceover Casting and Recording

[3]SIGNAL SPACE

[3]Creative Director
[4]Jose Aguirre

[3]Researcher
[4]Inga Knoth

[3]Audio Editors
[4]Valentino Lercher
[4]Matthew Knutson

[3]Project Manager
[4]Christopher Fox

[3]Voiceover Directors
[4]JB Blanc
[4]Chad Rocco

[3]Dialogue Editors
[4]Transatlantic Audio/Dante Fazio
[4]Austin Krier
[4]Garrett Montgomery, M.P.S.E.
[4]Stephen Selvaggio

[3]Additional Writing
[4]Maurice Suckling

[3]Cinematic Production Services

[3]Plastic Wax Pty Ltd

[3]Creative Leads
[4]Nathan Maddams
[4]Dane Maddams
[4]Tyrone Maddams

[3]Production Management
[4]Mick Hammell
[4]Carly Glover
[4]Toby Alderton
[4]Terry Mickaiel

[3]Lead Modeler
[4]Dean Wood

[3]Modelling
[4]Ben Mikhaiel
[4]Josh Shahinian
[4]Alexia Zantides
[4]Vee Ng

[3]Modellers
[4]Dan Horsfall
[4]Josh Davies
[4]Josh Knorr
[4]Tristan Locke
[4]Werner Gradwell
[4]Brett Sinclair

[3]Lead Animator
[4]Wes Adams

[3]Animators and Rigging
[4]Mitch Coote
[4]Damian Paon
[4]Cam Ralph
[4]Tom Janson
[4]Gareth Rhodes
[4]Zarvan Kotwal
[4]Phil Hook
[4]Sina Azad
	
[3]Lead Lighter
[4]Ben Malter

[3]Lighting and Rendering
[4]Nigel Waddington
[4]Owen Gillman
[4]Ben Shearman

[3]Lead VFX TD
[4]Sidney Cheng

[3]VFX
[4]Steven Cheah
[4]Dave Frodsham
[4]Fernando Flores Gonzales

[3]Lead Compositor
[4]Daniel Loui

[3]Compositors
[4]Jad Haber
[4]Ryan Trippensee
[4]Yoav Dolev

[2]Additional Cinematic Production Services

[3]Section Studios

[3]Production
[4]Justin Yun
[4]Kami Talebi

[3]Concept
[4]Gabriel Yeganyan
[4]Cuba Lee
[4]Brian Kim
[4]Howard Pak
[4]Hyunjae Lee
[4]Lucas Helmintoller
[4]Mohammad Chowdhury

[3]Animation
[4]Cameron Mott
[4]Judson Morgan

[3]Applied Cinematics
[4]Mike O’Rourke
[4]Jason Flynn

[2]3D Art Assets
[3]Gameshastra Solutions Private Limited


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_17_BODY
Text:
開闊地形，比如平原、草原，只消耗1個 [ICON_Movement] 移動力，而那些更崎嶇的地形，如樹林、丘陵，會消耗兩個或更多 [ICON_Movement] 移動力。通過點擊右鍵將勇士單位移動到標記的位置。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_25_BODY
Text:
在這裡建造農場會把該土地的 [ICON_Food] 食物產出從每回合1 [ICON_Food] 食物增加為2食物。你城市的 [ICON_Food] 食物總量決定了城市人口的增長速度，會為你帶來新的 [ICON_Citizen] 公民，以在更多單元格上工作。更多 [ICON_Food] 食物意味著更快成長。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_CITY_POPULATION_CHANGED_B
Text:
你第一座城市的 [ICON_Citizen] 人口數量由1人變成了2人。只要城市供給充足，國民開心，城市就能獲得持續發展。在城市周邊地區工作的 [ICON_Citizen]  公民和改良設施能帶來更多產量。 [ICON_Citizen] 人口變多會加快  [ICON_Science] 科研發展、提升城市 [ICON_Production] 生產力、促進 [ICON_Culture] 文化發展。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_125_BODY
Text:
你第一座城市的 [ICON_Citizen] 人口數量由一人變成了兩人。只要城市供給充足，國民開心，城市就能獲得持續發展。在城市周邊地區工作的 [ICON_Citizen] 公民和改良設施能帶來更多產量。 [ICON_Citizen] 人口變多會加快 [ICON_Science] 科技研究、提升城市 [ICON_Production] 生產力、促進 [ICON_Culture] 文化發展。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_5b_BODY
Text:
在你的城市建設項目需要時間。所需遊戲回合數顯示在功能表上的每個項目中。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]這是根據項目 [ICON_Production] 生產力消耗和城市 [ICON_Production] 生產力收益相對比而得出的數值。生產力越高，所需回合數越少。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_30_BODY
Text:
地圖上遍佈著各種資源。有三種類型：[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]奢侈品資源：有助於提升你公民的整體幸福度。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]戰略資源：對創建一些非常強力的軍事單位至關重要。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]加成資源：提供額外的 [ICON_Food] 食物、 [ICON_Production] 生產力或 [ICON_Gold] 金幣收益。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_31a_BODY
Text:
這種石材是一種加成資源。它為你的城市提供額外+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果你在此建造採石場改良設施，它會提升產出至+2 [ICON_Production] 生產力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_38a_BODY
Text:
你的建造者還有一個剩餘勞動力。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你可以用它在丘陵格位上建造一座礦井（+ [ICON_Production] 生產力），或在平原格位上建造一座農場（+ [ICON_Food] 食物）。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]此舉需要兩個回合才能完成，一個回合用來移動建造者單位，另一回合用來建造改良設施。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_59_BODY
Text:
在通往勝利的路上，有些基本策略可以幫你建立自己的文明。 [NEWLINE]---[NEWLINE]在本教程中，我們為你設置了四個目標，需要你一一實現。完成所有目標意味著你完成了教程學習。但是，為了在教程學習中取勝，你需要完成第五個目標。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_97_BODY
Text:
通過頒布這些政策，你的軍事單位現在和蠻族對抗時+5 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力加成。同時，你的城市每回合+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力，允許他們訓練單位，並比之前更快地建造建築。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_98_BODY
Text:
同樣地，你可以通過城市產生的 [ICON_Science] 科技值來研究新科技，以及產生的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值解鎖市政。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你已解鎖了市政法典，由此可創建你的第一個政體。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_POTTERY_COMPLETE
Text:
除了 [ICON_Food] 食物，你的國民還需要在城市裡獲得 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度。 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度的來源之一是奢侈品資源，比如你 [ICON_Capital] 首都旁邊的 [ICON_Resource_Coffee] 咖啡。製陶術研究完成後，接下來最好研究灌溉，灌溉能讓你的建造者改良奢侈品資源，比如我們 [ICON_Capital] 首都旁邊的 [ICON_Resource_Coffee] 咖啡。這會為我們的城市提供 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度，增加其幸福感。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_107_BODY
Text:
你城市內的每個格位都能提供收益來幫助你的文明獲得進步。 [ICON_Food] 食物和 [ICON_Production] 生產力是其中的兩種收益。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE] [ICON_Food] 食物刺激城市發展，增加其 [ICON_Citizen] 人口。 [ICON_Food] 食物越多，增長越快。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]  [ICON_Production] 生產力被用來創建新事物，比如軍事單位和城市升級。城市的 [ICON_Production] 生產力越高，你的建造速度越快。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_108_BODY
Text:
但是，為了獲得格位上的收益，每個格位都需要你的 [ICON_Citizen] 公民才能發揮作用。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你國境內的每個 [ICON_Citizen] 公民都能使一個格位發揮作用。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_110_BODY
Text:
現在，需要你來決定這座城市的生產項目。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]建議：[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]- 訓練一名建造者改良國境內更多周邊土地。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]- 訓練一個戰鬥單位擴大軍隊的規模和實力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]-修建一座糧倉為你的城市提供額外 [ICON_Food] 食物，同時為你的 [ICON_Citizen] 人口提供更多 [ICON_Housing] 住房。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_53_BODY
Text:
科技節點裡顯示的符號代表新單位、建築、奇觀和能力，一旦完成，所有這些會通過科技解鎖。比如，一旦你完成了對製陶術的研究，你將可以在你所有城市建造糧倉。你的建造者同時也會獲得能力來收穫你城市附近的小麥資源。收穫小麥資源會為你提供大量 [ICON_Food] 食物，同時這種資源會從地圖上移除。多數情況下，最好通過在城市裡建造農場改良設施來培植小麥資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_112_BODY
Text:
你的帝國內每座城市每回合均能產生少量 [ICON_Science] 科技值。研究項目完成速度取決於你城市產生的所有 [ICON_Science] 科技值總量。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]產生的 [ICON_Science] 科技值越多，研究新技術的速度越快。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_118_BODY
Text:
為了在《文明》遊戲裡獲勝，你需要擊敗世界上所有其他文明。有多種方法獲勝。多數遊戲會在2050年後，或在一定數量的回合後結束。如果到時沒有任何玩家獲勝，將由分數決定勝利者。分數是每個玩家所有努力所取得成就的綜合衡量。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_122_BODY
Text:
本教程其餘部分將幫你實現你的第一個統治勝利。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]統治勝利的目的是讓你的文明成為最後一個沒有被佔領 [ICON_Capital] 首都城市的文明。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]對本教程而言，這意味著你將使用自己的軍隊來佔領對手的 [ICON_Capital] 首都城市，同時阻止他們佔領你的城市。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如何最終實現這一目標將取決於你。但我們已提供了3個可選目標，如果完成，會極大幫助你實現這一目標。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_134_BODY
Text:
宗教有組織地從一個城市緩慢傳播到另一個城市，但通過訓練傳教士和使徒單位，並將他們派出去傳播宗教，你能實現宗教的迅速傳播。在城市生產項目選單的購買選項卡上使用 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值購買這些單位。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_136_BODY
Text:
你獲得機會為你的文明獲取一位 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人為你的文明提供基於他們所處領域的巨大好處。 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人有多種類型，包括藝術家、工程師和軍事領袖。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_138_BODY
Text:
每個 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人都有一次或多次機會啟動一個特殊加成。他們會以單位的形式在您的某座城市裡出現，您必須在地圖上的某個特殊地方來啟動他們的加成。一旦他們使用了所有加成， [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人會消失。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_139_BODY
Text:
通過儲存足夠的該類型 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數可獲取 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，隨後花費點數為您的文明招募 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。這些點數主要來自區域和建築，但也能通過政策和其他影響獲得。如果您很著急，您可花費 [ICON_Gold] 金幣和 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值來立即獲得想要的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_140_BODY
Text:
您可選擇傳遞您不想要的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。如果這樣做，其他玩家會有機會獲得他們，您的傳遞選擇也不可撤銷。但是， [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數將會為未來的機會而保存下來。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_145_BODY
Text:
取決於國外目的地範圍內的建築和區域，您在一定數量的回合數內每回合獲得 [ICON_Science] 科技值、  [ICON_Faith] 信仰值、 [ICON_Culture] 文化值或 [ICON_Gold] 金幣產出。就國內目的地而言，您能獲得 [ICON_Food] 食物和 [ICON_Production] 生產力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_META_151_BODY
Text:
這是城邦面板。你能獲得使者並將他們派遣至一個城邦。這樣做會讓你為 [ICON_Science] 科技值、 [ICON_Culture] 文化值、 [ICON_Production] 生產力、 [ICON_Gold] 金幣、或 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值逐步獲得更好的加成。點擊表單上的城邦名稱。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_RULESET_TEASER
Text:
在遠古時代的探索和以文化為基礎的場景中，開闊眼界，得到啟發。持續50回合。[NEWLINE]勝利條件[NEWLINE]達到回合數限制時，達成以下條件數量最多者獲勝。如果出現平局則由分數決定勝負。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 文化型——研究大部分市政。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 探險家——顯示地圖上大部分格位。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 遠古襲擊者——掠奪大部分格位。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 遠古世紀的奇觀——擁有大部分奇觀。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_VICTORY_DESC
Text:
達到回合數限制時，達成以下條件數量最多者獲勝。如果出現平局則由分數決定勝負。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 文化型——研究大部分市政。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 探險家——顯示地圖上大部分格位。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 遠古襲擊者——掠奪大部分格位。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 遠古世紀的奇觀——擁有大部分奇觀。[NEWLINE]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_MOD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
勝利條件[NEWLINE]達到回合數限制時，達成以下條件數量最多者獲勝。如果出現平局則由分數決定勝負。[NEWLINE]文化型——研究大部分市政。[NEWLINE]探險家——顯示地圖上大部分格位。[NEWLINE]遠古襲擊者——掠奪大部分格位。[NEWLINE]遠古世紀的奇觀——擁有大部分奇觀。[NEWLINE]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_MOD_AUSTRALIA_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在這60回合的情景中，你將和時間賽跑，努力探索全澳洲，試圖找出這塊土地中的天然資源，並用其來豐富你的殖民地。這個充滿競爭的經濟型場景中不會有任何戰鬥。此場景著重強調探索和領土擴張，用以提升你每回合的金幣淨收入，而這也將成為你的最終分數。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]單人遊戲：每個難度都有一個每回合金幣上限值。在遊戲結束前超出該數量便可獲得勝利。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]多人遊戲：在遊戲結束時每回合擁有最高金幣收入的玩家便是勝利者。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TLACHTLI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
阿茲特克特色建築。提供2點 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度、+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值、+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值，及1點 [ICON_GreatGeneral] 大將軍點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TLACHTLI_XP1_DESCRIPTION
Text:
阿茲特克特色建築。提供2點 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度、+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值、+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值，及1點 [ICON_GreatGeneral] 大將軍點數。擁有「保藏」市政後提供+1 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_MONTEZUMA
Text:
蒙特祖馬國王，您需要讓您的雄鷹戰士心情愉悅，並向他們提供足夠食物，他們將永遠為您的事業而戰。您的阿茲特克帝國在這片土地上擴展，您永遠不會缺乏修建城牆的人，當您征服周圍人時，您會擁有新來的忠誠工人。向前衝吧；維齊洛波奇特利已發出召喚。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ELECTRONICS_FACTORY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
日本特色建築。6個單元格以內的所有城市+4 [ICON_Production] 生產力。研究「電力」科技後，該建築能為所在城市額外+4 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。此加成僅能在同座城市內施用一次，在市中心6單元格範圍內建造多座此建築並不會提供額外加成。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_WALLS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
提供環繞城市中心和營地區域的城牆。城牆允許城市中心和營地區域進行 [ICON_Ranged] 遠程攻擊，在攻擊城市之前，必須先擊毀城牆。獲得「保藏」市政後提供1 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_CRISTO_REDENTOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_GreatWork_Relic] 遺跡和聖地產出的 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績不會被其他已研究「啟蒙運動」市政的文明削弱。您文明中海濱度假區產出的 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績+100%。必須建在丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_GREAT_ZIMBABWE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線容量+1。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]此城市領土中3個單元格範圍內的每個加成資源都能為從此城市出發的 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線+2 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。必須建在鄰近商業中心（須建有市場）和 [ICON_RESOURCE_CATTLE] 牛資源的單元格上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ORACLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
贊助偉人消耗的 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值減少25%。當前城市的區域為各自類型的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數+2（比如，來自劇院廣場區域的 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家點數）。必須建在丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STONEHENGE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
免費獲得1個 [ICON_GreatProphet] 大預言家。 [ICON_GreatProphet] 大預言家可在巨石陣（而非聖地）創建一個宗教。必須建在靠近 [ICON_RESOURCE_STONE] 石材的平原上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_HUEY_TEOCALLI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在休伊神廟一個單元格以內的每個湖泊單元格為娛樂+1 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度。為您帝國內的每個湖泊單元格+1 [ICON_Food] 食物和+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。必須建在靠近陸地的湖泊單元格上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造巨神頭像改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]巨神頭像提供+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。每2個相鄰雨林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。每2個相鄰樹林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。不能建在雪地或雪地（丘陵）上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_BONUS
Text:
你的區域為對應其類型的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數+1（包括劇院廣場區域提供 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家、 [ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家、 [ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家點數）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_BONUS
Text:
獲得 [ICON_RESOURCE_CINNAMON] 肉桂和 [ICON_RESOURCE_CLOVES] 丁香奢侈品資源。這些東西在遊戲裡不能通過其他方式獲得，每個提供6 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_BABYLON_BONUS
Text:
每篇 [ICON_GreatWork_WRITING] 著作巨作+2 [ICON_SCIENCE] 科技值。每個 [ICON_GreatWork_RELIC] 遺物和 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] 文物+1 [ICON_SCIENCE] 科技值。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_BONUS_XP1
Text:
擁有建築的區域使對應其類型的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數+1（若為擁有建築的劇院廣場區域則同時提供 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家、[ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家與 [ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家點數)。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CAHOKIA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造卡霍基亞土墩改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]卡霍基亞土墩提供+3 [ICON_GOLD] 金幣。城市能從城中第一座卡霍基亞土墩獲得+1點 [ICON_AMENITIES] 滿意度，研發「自然歷史」後，則能從城中第二座卡霍基亞土墩獲得+1點 [ICON_AMENITIES] 滿意度。研發「封建主義」後，每2個相鄰區域+1 [ICON_FOOD] 食物，若研發「零組件規格化」則每1個相鄰區域+1 [ICON_FOOD] 食物。提供+1 [ICON_HOUSING] 住房。研發完「文化遺產」後可獲得額外 [ICON_HOUSING] 住房。無法建造於其他卡霍基亞土墩旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_NAZCA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造納斯卡線改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]納斯卡線為相鄰單元格提供+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。相鄰資源單元格+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。研發「行政部門」後，相鄰沙漠與沙漠丘陵單元格+1 [ICON_FOOD] 食物。研發「大量生產」後相鄰平原單元格+1 [ICON_PRODUCTION] 生產力。+1魅力。僅能建造在沙漠平原上。城市無法在此單元格上進行任何行動。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_RAPA_NUI_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造摩艾石像改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]摩艾石像提供+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。每2個相鄰摩艾石像+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。若位於或相鄰火山灰土單元格+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。若相鄰海岸或湖泊單元格+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。隨著在科技和市政樹上不斷取得進展，可額外獲得 [ICON_Culture] 文化值和 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績。可以建造在平原、平原丘陵、草原、草原丘陵或火山灰土上。無法建在森林或雨林單元格旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ARMAGH_BONUS_XP2
Text:
你的建造者現可建造修道院改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]修道院提供+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。為位於此單元格上且本回合尚發動攻擊的宗教單位生命值+15。每兩個相鄰區域+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。提供+1 [ICON_HOUSING] 住房。研發完「殖民主義」後可獲得額外1點 [ICON_HOUSING] 住房。無法修建在另一個修道院旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_BONUS_XP2
Text:
你的建造者現可建造巨神頭像改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]巨神頭像提供+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。每2個鄰近雨林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值，研發完「人道主義」後每1個鄰近雨林則+1信仰值。每2個鄰近樹林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值，研發完「人道主義」後每1個鄰近樹林則+1信仰值。研究「飛行」科技後可從 [ICON_FAITH] 信仰值處獲得 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。不能建在雪地或雪地丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_GRANADA_BONUS_XP2
Text:
你的建造者現可建造阿卡薩城堡改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]阿卡薩城堡提供+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。提供等同單元格魅力一半的 [ICON_SCIENCE] 科技值。佔領單位 [ICON_Strength] 防禦力+4，並自動獲得兩回合防禦工事。研究「飛行」科技後可獲得 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。無法建造在另一個阿卡薩城堡旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ARMAGH_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造修道院改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]修道院提供+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。為位於此單元格上且本回合尚未發動攻擊的宗教單位生命值+15。無法修建在另一個修道院旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_GRANADA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現在可以建造阿爾卡薩城堡改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]阿爾卡薩城堡提供+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。佔領單位 [ICON_Strength] 防禦力+4，並自動獲得兩回合防禦工事。無法建造在另一個阿爾卡薩城堡旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_NALANDA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現可建造摩訶毘訶羅改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_SCIENCE] 科技值並+1 [Icon_Housing] 住房。每個相鄰聖地區域+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值，而每個相鄰學院區域+1 [ICON_Science] 科技值。研發完「科學理論」每個相鄰學院獲得額外+1 [Icon_Science] 科技值。玩家建造完首座摩訶毘訶羅後會獲得隨機科技。必須建在平坦地形上，並且不得與其他摩訶毘訶羅相鄰。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_SAMARKAND_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現可建造圓頂商市改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_GOLD] 金幣。每與一個奢侈品資源相鄰，則+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。起始城市每有一座圓頂商市，對外之國際 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線提供的 [ICON_GOLD] 金幣便+1。無法建造在另一座圓頂商市旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_WOLIN_BONUS
Text:
當陸地單位擊敗主要或非主要文明對手單位時將獲得 [ICON_GreatGeneral] 大將軍點數，而當海軍單位擊敗對手單位時將獲得 [ICON_GreatAdmiral] 海軍統帥點數，獲得的量等同於對手戰鬥力的25%（標準速度下）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CAGUANA_BONUS
Text:
你的建造者現可建造巴蒂場改良設施。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。每與一個加成資源及娛樂中心相鄰則+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值（研發完「探索」後增加為+2 [Icon_Culture] 文化值。研發完「飛行」後提供 [Icon_Tourism] 旅遊業績。無法建在其他巴蒂場旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LAHORE_BONUS
Text:
你的城市現可生產尼昂武士單位。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]這是擁有獨特強化樹的單位，可透過 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值購買。首次建造兵營、兵工廠及軍事學院時可提升其 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_CONSERVATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
獎勵3位 [ICON_Envoy] 使者。允許使用 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值建造國家公園和購買自然學家。允許建造者植樹造林（人造林）。你領土上從未被移除的樹林（原始樹木）+1魅力。從城牆獲得 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_POLICY_MARKET_ECONOMY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
目的地已開發的每個奢侈品和戰略資源為你的國際 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣，同時+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值和+2 [ICON_Science] 科技值。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_DYNASTIC_CYCLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_TechBoosted] 尤里卡和 [ICON_CivicBoosted] 天啟提供60%的市政和科技，而非50%。建成奇觀時，獲得該奇觀所處時代的隨機 [ICON_TechBoosted] 尤里卡和 [ICON_CivicBoosted] 天啟（若有符合條件之項目）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_DOUBLE_ARCHAEOLOGY_SLOTS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
每座考古博物館可保存6個 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] 文物而不是3個，可立即支持兩位考古學家。有6個 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] 文物時，考古博物館自動獲得主題。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_LAST_PROPHET_DESCRIPTION
Text:
當倒數第二個 [ICON_GreatProphet] 大預言家被招募後（若此時你尚未獲得 [ICON_GreatProphet] 大預言家），則自動獲得最後1個大預言家。可從信奉阿拉伯宗教的每座外國城市獲得+1 [ICON_Science] 科技值。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_NKISI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
除了通常的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值外，每個 [ICON_GreatWork_Relic] 遺物、[ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] 文物以及 [ICON_GreatWork_Sculpture] 雕塑藝術巨作+2 [ICON_Food] 食物、+2 [ICON_Production] 生產力、+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值及+4 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。獲得的 [ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家、[ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家和 [ICON_GreatMerchant] 大商人點數+50%。宮殿擁有5個巨作槽位。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_TREASURE_FLEET_DESCRIPTION
Text:
獲得「重商主義」後能夠建立艦隊和無敵艦隊，而不需要「民族主義」與「調動」。[ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線獲得+3 [ICON_Gold] 金幣、+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值且+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。跨多個大陸的 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線獲得以上三倍數量之加成。與你最初的首都不在同個大陸的城市在建造區域時獲得+25% [ICON_Production] 生產力，並在建立城市時獲得1名建造者。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_ALL_ROADS_TO_ROME_DESCRIPTION
Text:
所有你創建或攻佔的城市一開始便擁有貿易站。如果位於你 [ICON_Capital] 首都貿易路線輻射區域的 [ICON_TradeRoute] 城市自动獲得一条通至首都的貿易路線。你的 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線經過你的城市貿易站+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CIV_ROYALE_MOD_DESCRIPTION_BASIC
Text:
我們的領袖辜負了我們。紅死潮不會放過任何一人。我們古老的文明禁不起時間考驗了。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]我們唯一的希望便是還在星球外公轉軌道上等待世界上最後一批倖存者的殖民地船艦。我們可以遠端操控登陸艇，但其他陣營卻在干擾我們的訊號。我們唯一的求生之道就是消滅其他陣營。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]歡迎成為這世界上的最後一個文明。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_COLDWAR_RULESET_DESCRIPTION
Text:
冷戰正如火如荼地進行！這是一個以戰鬥為主題的原子能時代場景。持續50回合。[NEWLINE]勝利條件[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 大決戰之主：如果任一城市受到核武器攻擊，在達到回合數限制之前，使用核武器次數最多的玩家獲勝。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 坦克贏家：如果沒有城市遭受核攻擊，在達到回合數限制之前，擁有坦克數量最多的玩家獲勝。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 傀儡戰爭：佔領3個城邦。[NEWLINE]玩法變更[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 單位和核裝置的建造和維護更為便宜，且不需要戰略資源。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]大規模殺傷性武器和轟炸機的射程增加。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 建造者有更多次數加快城市發展。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 地圖開始顯現。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 沒有部落村莊。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 沒有蠻族。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet] 禁用厭戰情緒。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_HOLY_SITE_DESCRIPTION_ADJACENCY
Text:
相鄰: 相鄰自然奇觀獲得大額 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值加成。每個相鄰山脈單元格獲得標準 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值加成。 相鄰區域單元格和未加改善的樹林單元格獲得小額 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值加成。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_HARBOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
城市裡的海軍活動區域。同時移除從該單元格上船和下船的 [ICON_Movement] 移動力減益。必須建在靠近陸地的海岸或湖泊地形上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]若此城市尚未建立商業中心區域，則+1 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線容量。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_NEIGHBORHOOD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
基於單元格魅力，你城市裡的一個社區提供住房情況如下：[NEWLINE]極大魅力的：+6 [ICON_Housing] 住房。 [NEWLINE]迷人的：+5 [ICON_Housing] 住房。 [NEWLINE]普通的：+4 [ICON_Housing] 住房。 [NEWLINE]無吸引力的：+3 [ICON_Housing] 住房。 [NEWLINE]令人厭惡的：+2 [ICON_Housing] 住房。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_AQUEDUCT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
區域從相鄰的河流、湖泊、綠洲或山脈引水，為該城市提供淡水資源。沒有淡水資源的城市最多獲得6個 [ICON_Housing] 住房。相反，已有淡水資源的城市 [ICON_Housing] 住房數量+2。必須靠近城市中心修建。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_ACROPOLIS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
希臘特色文化遺址區域，取代劇院廣場區域且造價更為低廉。建成時獎勵1位 [ICON_Envoy] 使者。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]相鄰市中心時+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。每相鄰於一座奇觀與區域則+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。只能建在丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_BATH_DESCRIPTION
Text:
促進城市發展的羅馬特色區域。取代水渠且造價更為低廉。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]從相鄰的河流、湖泊、綠洲或山脈引水，為該城市提供淡水資源。沒有淡水資源的城市最多獲得6個 [ICON_Housing] 住房。已有淡水資源的城市 [ICON_Housing] 住房數量+2。無論哪種情況，浴場都能提供額外+2 [ICON_Housing] 住房和+1 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度加成。必須建在市中心旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_HANSA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
德國特色工業活動區，取代工業區且造價更為低廉。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]相鄰商業中心區域時+2 [ICON_Production] 生產力。每個相鄰資源為其+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。每兩個相鄰區域單元格為其+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_HANSA_DESCRIPTION_ADJACENCY
Text:
相鄰: 如果毗鄰商業中心區，會有大額 [ICON_Production] 生產力加成。每個相鄰資源有標準 [ICON_Production] 生產力加成。每個相鄰區域單元格有小額 [ICON_Production] 生產力加成。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_LAVRA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
俄羅斯特色宗教活動區域。取代聖地區域且造價更為低廉。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]該城市每消耗1位偉人，城市邊境便會拓展1單元格。擁有神社的修道院每回合提供+1 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家點數、擁有寺廟的修道院每回合提供+1 [ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家點數，而擁有祭祀建築的修道院每回合提供+1 [ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_MBANZA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
只能建在雨林或樹林裡的剛果特色區域。取代社區，但可更早開始建造且造價更為低廉。不管魅力值是多少，固定提供+5 [ICON_Housing] 住房、+2 [ICON_Food] 食物和+4 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_STREET_CARNIVAL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
巴西特色區域。取代娛樂中心，+2 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度且造價更為低廉。同時解鎖「狂歡節」項目，項目進行時該城市額外+1 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度，項目完成後可獲得多種 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_ROYAL_NAVY_DOCKYARD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
城市裡的英國特色海軍活動區域，取代港口且造價更為低廉。在此單元格上下船不消耗 [ICON_Movement] 移動力。必須建在靠近陸地的海岸或湖泊地形上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]造船廠生產的所有海軍單位+1 [ICON_Movement] 移動力。[NEWLINE]建造在海外大陸時+2 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。[NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線容量。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_EPIC_PBC_OVERVIEW_DESC
Text:
雲端遊戲是一種非同步的多人遊戲模式，在當中所有玩家會使用相同的遊戲存檔輪流進行遊戲，而遊戲存檔將儲存在主機伺服器上。這是「傳遞存檔」做法的現代版，當初的做法必須採用磁碟片來在好友間共用存檔（若你不知道「磁碟片」是什麼，請詢問遊戲老將）。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]由於每名玩家必須在最方便的時刻進行自己的回合，雲端遊戲可能會持續很長時間（可能持續數日或數週）。當輪到你進行回合時，你會接獲通知。若你開啟Epic，則可能會看見Epic通知，或者你也可以使用webhooks。Webhooks是技術工作者用來整合其他訊息服務、電子郵件和物聯網裝置的常見訊息格式。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]在非同步的多人遊戲中，在方便的時刻儘早進行回合以持續遊戲進行才是有禮之舉。在上古時代，各玩家負有維護磁碟片不受損壞的道德責任，而道德泯滅之徒則會在遊戲陷入不利局勢時採用「遺失」存檔的手段。雲端遊戲則完全消除出現這種無恥舉動的可能性。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: TXT_KEY_EPIC_MY2K_MODE_UNLINKED_TOOLTIP
Text:
註冊2K帳號來解鎖「貓科偵察兵」和領袖尤里烏斯‧凱撒獎勵（必須重新啟動遊戲）並啟用跨平臺雲端儲存功能，這樣便能在Epic上開始遊戲，並在其他平台上繼續遊戲。除此之外，你還能獲得最新的《席德·梅爾的文明帝國》資訊！


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BLACKDEATH_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在此情景中，你必須引導一個中世紀文明度過惡名昭彰的黑死病時期，在人口銳減且信仰崩壞時維持文化和科技上的進展。瘟疫將會一波波地席捲大地，使公民不治而亡並導致單元格無法被改良。你是否能撐到最後並種下啟蒙運動的種子？還是說你的國家將在不忠和絕望中傾頹呢？


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WARMACHINE_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在此情景中，你將統領法國或德國的軍隊經歷一次大戰的第一個月份。你有一支隨時準備出擊的大軍，以及支援這隻大軍的工業化國家，必須在短短40個回合內佔領或防守巴黎。你是否能在世界史上最大的武裝衝突中勝出呢？還是說如此大規模且迅速的戰鬥會讓你應接不暇呢？


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CHAT_HELP_COMMAND_TEXT
Text:
[COLOR:ChatMessage_Help]聊天命令[NEWLINE]/t 向團隊頻道發送一條訊息[NEWLINE]/g 向公共頻道發送一條訊息[NEWLINE]/w [PlayerName]私訊一名玩家[NEWLINE]/r 回復私訊[NEWLINE]/help 顯示此條幫助訊息[ENDCOLOR]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_SETUP_TUTORIAL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
創建帝國的旅程從這裡開始，從卑微的最初到偉大卓越，以此譜寫你的歷史。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你會通過偉大戰役征服世界，還是成為第一個派遣國民探索太空的人？你會用自己的國民文化影響世界，還是將自己的信仰傳遍世界各個角落？[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]時間會證明一切…[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]所有偉大文明都是從一位偉大領袖開始。從下方教程中選擇你想體驗的文明。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_BARBAROSSA
Text:
英勇的弗雷德里克，您是德國國王，您的任務是將你周圍的獨立國統一成一個帝國。您是天生的軍事領袖——使用技巧讓這些城市處於您的統治之下，由此它們才可能會發展為商業和工業強國。當然，隨後吟游詩人會歌唱非凡的紅鬍子弗雷德里克，您是偉大的神聖羅馬帝國皇帝。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_CATHERINE_DE_MEDICI
Text:
責任落在了您的頭上，凱薩琳•德•麥地奇，用您的智慧和藝術將人民統一起來吧。法國女王母親小心翼翼地渡過了這些困難時期。您將會創建偉大奇觀，吸引世界各地遊客。有您對於一切事物，包括看得見的和看不見的敏銳意識，您的帝國必能經起時間考驗。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_CLEOPATRA
Text:
克麗奧佩脫拉女王，總會有人低估您，但其實您非常聰明且足智多謀。您的魅力讓您同世上最強大的領導人建立了堅不可摧的聯盟。除了身邊親密的朋友外，您會發現自己高不可攀，與埃及的榮耀一起，準備好贏得整個世界吧。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_GILGAMESH
Text:
您的責任重大，吉爾伽美什國王。您的國民和世界上很多其他人，都把您看作領導者。您不僅是一個凡人，這個沉重的世界不會讓您猶豫不決。鼓勵蘇美爾人民沿河定居在肥沃土地上，謹慎挑選盟友——因為很多人都想獲得您的力量。開始冒險吧，是時候譜寫您的壯麗詩篇了。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_MVEMBA
Text:
姆本巴•恩津加國王，地球母親給了您很多禮物。您的國民知道茂密的森林和雨林是他們的家，他們可以輕而易舉地穿過這些區域。另一個很好的禮物是來自遙遠大陸的旅行者。積極接受新鮮事物吧，來自開放世界的靈感會讓我們的人民創造出帶有權利感和權威感的藝術。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_PEDRO
Text:
國王佩德羅二世，您的國民指望您帶領巴西走向世界舞臺。使用您的聲望來贊助藝術家、科學和工程師吧，這樣能將最偉大的思想家吸引到我們這片沃土上來。這裡是鬱鬱蔥蔥的熱帶雨林，到處都生機盎然，您的國民在這裡茁壯成長。品德高尚的佩德羅，國民為了慶祝您的豐功偉業，在狂歡節上跳起了桑巴舞。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_PERICLES
Text:
能言善辯的希臘領袖伯里克里斯，您的語言天賦是上天賜予的珍貴禮物。通過能言善道的語言表達，您可以吸引國家聯盟為您服務，讓您自己沐浴在他們的榮光之中。沿著希臘岩石海岸修建文化遺址，在您強大統治下，把您的人民團結起來。如果一切順利，海妖塞壬會為伯里克利時代而歌唱！


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_PETER_GREAT
Text:
彼得大帝，擁抱祖國凜冽的寒風吧。您對科學和文化的強烈愛好是上天賜予的禮物，您能從國外的大使館學到很多東西。在您的統治下，俄羅斯必將繁榮發展並不斷擴張，把周圍所有土地都納為己有，或許，還能創造出世界上最偉大的帝國。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_PHILIP_II
Text:
虔誠的腓力國王，整個西班牙隨時準備回應您的祈禱。您能從位於艾思科里亞的宮殿派出很多信徒：傳教士、使徒、征服者已準備好跨過大洋，把您最神聖帝國的好消息傳給全世界。但願他們發現的寶藏會促使您將全世界統一在同一種信仰、同一個帝國之下，這會讓您真正成為最虔誠的天主教國王。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_QIN
Text:
秦始皇，您的國民是您最強大的力量。您統一了中國，世界各地的人都前來仰望萬里長城和高聳的奇蹟。您的人民辛苦勞作，很快修建了世上最讓人震撼的建築，但願他們手上永遠沒有水泡。好好保護您的國民，您將名垂千古。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_SALADIN
Text:
科學和宗教的結合是一個微妙的平衡之舉，但薩拉丁正精通於此。您對知識的追求難能可貴，您的國民對您無比尊敬。但您不需要探索未知領域。在某個特定時刻，生命中最令人困惑的問題答案會通過它們自己的方式回到阿拉伯。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_TOMYRIS
Text:
偉大的勇士托米麗司女王，所有人看到您都不寒而慄，但也非常尊重您。您騎著威風凜凜的馬匹，帶領斯基泰人奮勇前行。偉大史詩告訴我們烈馬勇士從大草原飛奔出來，衝在每場戰爭的前線——不論您在哪裡，他們都能找到您。騎馬飛馳吧，兇猛的女王，但願您有真正的朋友和軟弱的敵人。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_TRAJAN
Text:
強大羅馬帝國皇帝圖拉真布下了天羅地網。您的軍團已準備好出發，建立世界上最大的帝國。如果您真能讓條條道路通羅馬，您的帝國將會擁有巨額財富和大量奢侈資源。隨後，我們的公民必將宣稱您是他們最優秀的統治者、最佳元首。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_T_ROOSEVELT
Text:
西奧多•羅斯福，您寬大的肩膀肩負著一切，向前衝，帶領您的人民進行偉大冒險。使用您的軍事力量給予祖國人民夢寐以求的公平政策。您必將提高美國地位，使其成為眾人注目的焦點，並吸引世界各地遊客遠渡重洋前來參觀您的國家。總統先生，您真是太棒了。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ERA_RENAISSANCE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
從步槍的槍管到天空中的花火，新的動力不斷產生。甚至新印刷的書刊裡安安靜靜的文字也蘊含著巨大變化。這個世界曾經又大又神秘，如今已變得越來越小，越來越熟悉。然而，總有問題有待解決，總有信仰需要經受考驗，總有民族認同需要形成。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ERA_MODERN_DESCRIPTION
Text:
最先，有很多關於飛人的傳說。如今，你位於把這些傳說變為現實的邊緣。通過飛行和新的通訊方式，你能創造出一個又小又親密的世界。但代價是什麼呢？對於如何統治、如何生存的問題，不同的理解造成了全球衝突。在這種越來越吵鬧不休的思想辯論中，你必須選擇自己要走的路。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_COPYRIGHT_TEXT
Text:
© 1991 – 2023 Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Developed by Firaxis Games. 2K, Firaxis Games, Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Sid Meier's Civilization, Civilization, Civ, and their respective logos are trademarks of Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc. Uses Bink Video. Copyright © 1997 – 2020 by RAD Game Tools, Inc. Uses Granny Animation. Copyright © 1999 – 2020 by RAD Game Tools Inc. Powered by WWise © 2006- 2020 Audiokinetic Inc. All rights reserved. Fork Copyright © 2020 Fork Particle, Inc. Sid Meier's Civilization VI uses Havok®. © 1999 – 2020 Havok.com, Inc. (and its Licensors). All Rights Reserved. See www.havok.com for details. Microsoft, DirectX, Visual Studio, and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Lua Copyright © 1994 – 2020 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. All other marks and trademarks are property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.此電玩遊戲的內容均屬虛構，遊戲中的歷史設定並不代表或描繪任何實際的事件紀錄、人物或實體。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DEMO_COMPLETE_CONTENT
Text:
恭喜！您初步建立起經得起時間考驗的文明。您是否想繼續考驗自己對抗歷史著名領袖的本事？您人民的文化能否繁榮昌盛？您的科學能否教化子民？您的信仰能否啟迪人心？您的軍事能否獨霸全球？[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]在《席德·梅爾的文明帝國VI》裡，您將成為什麼樣的領導者？讓旅程繼續下去吧。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]建造。征服。鼓舞。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_MOD_SCOUT_CAT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
有時候玩家過於喜愛「偵察兵狗狗」，以至於他們無法接受牠必須在荒野中如此賣力工作的事實。所以最簡單的解方便是派遣一大群貓，好讓偵察兵狗狗能回村莊中好好休息。若玩家是貓科動物的鐵粉，那這款DLC肯定能滿足你的渴望。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_OPTIONS_WEBHOOK_MODE_TOOLTIP
Text:
模式A - 與IFTTT相容[NEWLINE]JSON酬載變數[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]"value1" = 遊戲名稱[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]"value2" = 玩家名稱[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]"value3" = 遊戲回合[NEWLINE]模式B - 與Discord相容[NEWLINE]JSON酬載變數[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]"content" = 通知訊息


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PBC_OVERVIEW_DESC
Text:
雲端遊戲是一種非同步的多人遊戲模式，在當中所有玩家會使用相同的遊戲存檔輪流進行遊戲，而遊戲存檔將儲存在主機伺服器上。這是「傳遞存檔」做法的現代版，當初的做法必須採用磁碟片來在好友間共用存檔（若你不知道「磁碟片」是什麼，請詢問遊戲老將）。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]由於每名玩家必須在最方便的時刻進行自己的回合，雲端遊戲可能會持續很長時間（可能持續數日或數週）。當輪到你進行回合時，你會接獲通知。若你開啟Steam，則可能會看見Steam通知，或者你也可以使用webhooks。Webhooks是技術工作者用來整合其他訊息服務、電子郵件和物聯網裝置的常見訊息格式。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]在非同步的多人遊戲中，在方便的時刻儘早進行回合以持續遊戲進行才是有禮之舉。在上古時代，各玩家負有維護磁碟片不受損壞的道德責任，而道德泯滅之徒則會在遊戲陷入不利局勢時採用「遺失」存檔的手段。雲端遊戲則完全消除出現這種無恥舉動的可能性。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREATPERSON_MARCO_POLO_ACTIVE
Text:
當前城市獲得一個免費的商人單位， 增加 1 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線容量。途經當前城市的國外 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線為雙方城市+2 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_MINE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造礦井的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。-1魅力。只能建在丘陵或特定資源上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果建在奢侈品資源或戰略資源上，城市將能使用這種資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_QUARRY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造採石場的能力。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。-1魅力。只能建在特定資源上。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果建在奢侈品資源上，城市也能使用這種資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_PASTURE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造牧場的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Production] 生產力。只能建在特定資源上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果建在戰略資源上，城市將能使用這種資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_PLANTATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造種植園的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。只能建在特定資源上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果建在奢侈品資源上，城市將能使用這種資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_CAMP_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造露營地的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。只能建在特定資源上。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果建在奢侈品資源上，城市將能使用這種資源。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_CHATEAU_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造法國特色城堡的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_Culture] 文化值且+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。+1魅力。每有一處相鄰的奇觀，則+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值（研發完「飛行」後則為+2）。若位於含有河流邊緣的單元格上則+1 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。研發完「飛行」後，將從 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值獲得 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。僅能建在與加成或奢侈品資源相鄰之處。不能建在其他法國特色城堡旁。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_COLOSSAL_HEAD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造巨神頭像的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。每兩個鄰近雨林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。每兩個鄰近樹林+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。不能建在雪地或雪地（丘陵）上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_GREAT_WALL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造中國獨有的長城的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]能提升 [ICON_Strength] 防禦力。如果和其它段相鄰，可獲得 [ICON_Gold] 金幣加成。隨著你科技的不斷提升，相鄰部分也可獲得額外的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值和 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績。必須沿著你的帝國邊界建造。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_KURGAN_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造塞西亞特色建築墳墩的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值、+3 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。每與一個牧場相鄰，則+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值（研發完「馬鐙」後變為+2）。研發完「飛行」後，將從 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值獲得 [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績。不能建在丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_MISSION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造西班牙特色建築傳教團的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。解鎖「文化遺產」市政後額外+2 [ICON_SCIENCE] 科技值。如果位於與 [ICON_Capital] 首都不同的大陸上，則+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值、+1 [ICON_PRODUCTION] 生產力，並+1 [ICON_Food] 食物。每有一處相鄰的學院和聖地區域，+1 [ICON_Science] 科技值。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_SPHINX_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造埃及特色改良設施獅身人面像的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值、+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。+1魅力。如果與一個奇觀相鄰，+2 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。無法建在另一個獅身人面像旁。能夠建在泛濫平原上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_STEPWELL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造印度特色改良設施梯井的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Food] 食物、+1 [ICON_Housing] 住房。如果相鄰於聖地區域，+1 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值。如果相鄰於農場，+1 [ICON_Food] 食物。隨著科技與市政的進步，將提供額外的 [ICON_Housing] 住房、[ICON_Faith] 信仰值及 [ICON_Food] 食物。不能建在丘陵上，不能相鄰於另一個梯井。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_IMPROVEMENT_ZIGGURAT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
解鎖建造者建造蘇美爾獨有的金字形神塔的能力。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_Science] 科技值。如果緊挨著河流，+1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。不能建在丘陵上。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TOOLTIP_ARTIFACT_RESOURCE_DETAILS
Text:
派遣一個考古學家單位來這裡挖掘一個 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] 文物，當把該文物帶回你的城市時，它能提供 [ICON_Culture] 文化值和 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UI_RELIGION_APOSTLE_TT
Text:
使徒能讓 [ICON_Citizen] 公民皈依其信仰，並能對其他宗教的單位展開神學戰爭。每場遊戲中使徒能發起一次審訊，藉此解鎖審判官的購買選項。每場遊戲中使徒能進行一次傳道信仰，藉此為其宗教增添額外信仰。這些特殊能力都會消耗使徒的使用次數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_SCORE_DETAILS
Text:
遊戲結束時，如果還沒有任何文明取得勝利，[COLOR:NeutralCS]分數[ENDCOLOR]勝利便會出現。在這種情況下，總體獲得最高[COLOR:NeutralCS]分數[ENDCOLOR]的文明獲勝！


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_CULTURE_TOURISM_DETAILS
Text:
你吸引[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]觀光客[ENDCOLOR]來你文明的能力是你 [ICON_Culture] 文化生產力差異的目的，你正在試圖吸引來自這種文明的[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]國內觀光客 [ENDCOLOR]。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_CULTURE_VICTORY_DETAILS
Text:
要獲得[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]文化[ENDCOLOR]勝利，你必須佔據所有其他文明的 [COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]文化主導地位[ENDCOLOR]。當你吸引到自己文明中的[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]觀光客[ENDCOLOR]之數量多於其他文明的[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]國內觀光客[ENDCOLOR]數量時，你便會對其佔據文化主導地位。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]產出大量 [ICON_Culture] 文化值和 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績可同時增加國內觀光客和來自其他文明的觀光客。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_CULTURE_DETAILS_VISITING_TOURISTS
Text:
你的[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]觀光客[ENDCOLOR]代表了你從[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]其他文明的國內觀光客[ENDCOLOR]群裡吸引到的公民數量。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_DOMINATION_DETAILS
Text:
為獲得[COLOR:ResMilitaryLabelCS]統治[ENDCOLOR]勝利，你必須佔領其他文明原本的 [ICON_Capital] 首都。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]強烈建議使用強大的軍事力量。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_WORLD_RANKINGS_RELIGION_DETAILS
Text:
為獲得[COLOR:ResFaithLabelCS]宗教[ENDCOLOR]勝利，您的宗教必須成為遊戲裡所有文明的[COLOR:ResFaithLabelCS]主流[ENDCOLOR]宗教。如果一個文明裡有超過50%的城市信奉該宗教，[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]這種宗教會成為[COLOR:ResFaithLabelCS]主流[ENDCOLOR]。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CITY_STATES_SUZERAIN_DIPLOMATIC_BONUS
Text:
宗主國外交加成：[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]城邦會跟隨您向其他文明開戰或和談。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]城邦領土變為友方領土，單位可以移動到城邦領土，在此進行治癒和升級。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]您的建造者單位能改良城邦單元格。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]獲得城邦周圍3個單元格的視野。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]能夠花費 [ICON_Gold] 金幣暫時獲得城邦軍隊控制權。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bolt]獲得城邦全部資源的所有權。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DEMO_DIALOG_TEXT
Text:
您已踏出建立不朽文明帝國的第一步。您是否要繼續對抗歷史上最英明的領袖，測試自身的極限？您統治下的人民，能不能擁有欣欣向榮的文化、啟迪人心的科學、鼓舞精神的信仰、主宰戰場的軍事力量？您要如何在《席德·梅爾的文明帝國VI》中獨占鰲頭呢？立即接續您的旅程。 [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]建造。征服。鼓舞。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_AGENDA_BUSHIDO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
喜歡擁有強大軍隊且有較高 [ICON_Faith] 信仰和 [ICON_Culture] 文化輸出的文明。討厭擁有強大軍隊但卻沒有 [ICON_Faith] 信仰和 [ICON_Culture] 文化輸出的文明。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_LEADER_THERMOPYLAE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
戰鬥勝利後，獲得等同於被擊敗單位 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力50%的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值（在標準遊戲速度下）。每有一個放入槽位之軍事政策，便+1 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_LEADER_MEDITERRANEAN_DESCRIPTION
Text:
你前往其他文明的 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線為埃及+4 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。前往埃及的其他文明 [ICON_TradeRoute] 貿易路線為他們+2 [ICON_Food] 食物，為埃及+2 [ICON_Gold] 金幣。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_LEADER_RIGHTEOUSNESS_OF_FAITH_DESCRIPTION
Text:
玩家只需花費正常 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值消耗的1/10來購買宗教的祭祀建築。這種祭祀建築可為阿拉伯城市的 [ICON_Science] 科技值、 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值和 [ICON_Culture] 文化值的產量增加10%。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_MOD_ALEXANDER_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在這個計時制的單人情景中，玩家必須盡快拓張帝國，才能真正贏得「亞歷山大大帝」的頭銜。這個情景著重於戰鬥、領土擴張，以及麾下大將軍的精準使用。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]在不同難度的回合限制內征服地圖上的每座城市便可獲得勝利：[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]開拓者：60回合[NEWLINE]軍閥或首領：55回合[NEWLINE]國王或王子：50回合[NEWLINE]不朽或皇帝：45回合[NEWLINE]神：37回合


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: TXT_KEY_MY2K_MODE_UNLINKED_TOOLTIP
Text:
註冊2K帳號來解鎖「貓科偵察兵」和領袖尤里烏斯‧凱撒獎勵（必須重新啟動遊戲）並啟用跨平臺雲端儲存功能，這樣便能開始遊戲，然後在其他平台上繼續遊戲。除此之外，你還能獲得最新的《席德·梅爾的文明帝國》資訊！


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_NAPOLEON_RULESET_TEASER
Text:
在這個以工業時代為背景的戰鬥場景中，從敵人手中奪取領土。持續50回合。[NEWLINE]勝利條件[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]在回合限制內拿下最多領土，來證明自己是工業時代最強的策略家。[NEWLINE]玩法變更[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]大幅降低單位維護費用。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]各單位不需要戰略資源便能建造。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_PIRATES_CREW_BODY
Text:
艦隊越大，能掠奪的東西越多。使用船員來俘虜受損的敵方船隻，並且將其新增到你急速發展的海賊帝國中。船員也能用來作為登陸隊部署，上岸尋找埋藏的寶藏。你可以在船隻相鄰於某港口的市中心時，透過「造訪酒館」單位行動來招募船員。每次造訪時，酒館也會提供全新的藏寶圖。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_PIRATES_TREASURE_BODY
Text:
寶藏是海盜生活中的關鍵。寶箱可能在海上漂浮，也可能埋藏在陸地上。玩家可以透過埋藏寶藏來將黃金化為極惡點數。寶箱中包含金幣與海盜遺物。藏好你的寶藏，因為其他海盜會以竊取你的金幣與極惡點數為目標。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]海盜遺物是含有特殊遊戲效果與加成的強大文物。遺物有時候會出現在寶箱及寶藏船隻中，也可能在造訪酒館時出現。玩家一次最多可裝備3個遺物，並且可以隨時變更這些遺物。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_PIRATES_SCORING_BODY
Text:
極惡點數的計算分為三大類：[NEWLINE]寶藏、極惡海盜以及戰鬥。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]寶藏[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+30 - 埋藏一個保鄉[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+20 - 擊沉一艘寶藏船隻[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+5 - 掠奪一個寶箱[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+2 - 掠奪一個建築或區域[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+1 - 掠奪一條貿易路線[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+1 - 掠奪一個改良設施[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet][NEWLINE][NEWLINE]極惡海盜[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+15 - 掠奪一座港口[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+20-50 - 擊沉一名極惡海盜[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+5 清除一座海賊堡壘[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]戰鬥[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+10 - 摧毀或俘虜其他海盜玩家的單位[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+5 - 摧毀或俘虜一個殖民地單位[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+5 摧毀或俘虜一個海賊單位[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]+1 - 在戰鬥中存活


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_MOD_POLAND_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在這個60回合的場景中，你站在歐洲的十字路口，必須承受住來自四面八方的侵略者的連番進攻，保護好波蘭祖國的肥沃領土。在發展自己文明的同時，集結起你的翼騎兵，與條頓騎士團和鄂圖曼土耳其軍一決雌雄吧。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]在遊戲結束時標準得分最高的最強玩家便是勝利者。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PROJECT_ENHANCE_DISTRICT_THEATER_DESCRIPTION
Text:
基於區域的項目，每回合提供 [ICON_Culture] 文化值，完成後提供少量 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家、 [ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家、 [ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PROJECT_CARNIVAL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
巴西特色項目，啟用時提供+1 [ICON_Amenities] 滿意度，完成後提供 [ICON_GreatEngineer] 大工程師、 [ICON_GreatMerchant] 大商人、 [ICON_GreatWriter] 大作家、 [ICON_GreatArtist] 大藝術家和 [ICON_GreatMusician] 大音樂家的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STONEHENGE_QUOTE
Text:
「你能想像試圖說服600人幫你將一個重為50公噸的石頭拖動18公里穿過鄉村，並用力將它立起來，然後說：『好了，小夥子們！再推動20塊這樣的石頭…然後就可以慶祝啦！』這樣的場景嗎？」[NEWLINE]——比爾•布萊森


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_HAGIA_SOPHIA_QUOTE
Text:
「它是一座華麗的重要紀念碑，是跨文化寶藏…除非和直到它能被兩種宗教和諧共享——這真是一個偉大的想法——它應該被建成世俗的模樣，以此向這兩種宗教致敬，是它們讓紀念碑如此華麗。」[NEWLINE]——牛博‧武約維奇


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BELIEF_GODDESS_OF_FESTIVALS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_RESOURCE_WINE] 葡萄酒、 [ICON_RESOURCE_INCENSE] 香、  [ICON_RESOURCE_COCOA] 可可豆、 [ICON_RESOURCE_TOBACCO] 煙草、  [ICON_RESOURCE_COFFEE] 咖啡，以及[ICON_RESOURCE_TEA]茶葉種植園的 [ICON_Food] 食物+1。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_BELIEF_ORAL_TRADITION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_RESOURCE_BANANAS] 香蕉、 [ICON_RESOURCE_CITRUS] 柑橘、  [ICON_RESOURCE_COTTON] 棉花、 [ICON_RESOURCE_DYES] 染料、  [ICON_RESOURCE_SILK] 絲綢、 [ICON_RESOURCE_SPICES] 香料，以及  [ICON_RESOURCE_SUGAR] 甘蔗種植園的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值+1。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_RELIGIOUS_COMBAT_RULESET_TEASER
Text:
在此場景中，從中世紀開始，以宗教為重點，為取得神聖統治而戰。持續至工業時代。[NEWLINE]勝利條件[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]神聖勝利——在工業時代（第一個工業科技或市政）開始時，擁有大部分信徒[NEWLINE]玩法變更[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]第一個聖地授予一個免費的大預言家。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UI_ENDGAME_RANKING_LEADER_19_QUOTE
Text:
以三一真神之名，我承諾我所服事的基督教人民三件事情：首先，在我治下的教會和所有基督教人民都能享有真實的和平；第二，我會嚴禁針對所有人的掠奪與不公義，無論老弱病窮一視同仁；第三，我承諾並囑咐在所有判決中維護正義與慈悲。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_OPTIONS_LEADER_QUALITY_TOOLTIP
Text:
更改領袖的視覺及音效品質。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]停用可[COLOR_Civ6DarkRed]提高遊戲性能[ENDCOLOR]降低數值[COLOR_Blue]減少記憶體使用[ENDCOLOR]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UNIT_APOSTLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
能讓 [ICON_Citizen] 公民皈依其信仰，並能對其他宗教的單位展開神學戰爭。每場遊戲中使徒能發起一次審訊，藉此解鎖審判官的購買選項。每場遊戲中使徒能進行一次傳道信仰，藉此為其宗教增添額外信仰。這些特殊能力都會消耗使徒的使用次數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UNIT_NORWEGIAN_BERSERKER_DESCRIPTION
Text:
中世紀挪威特色近戰單位，取代披甲戰士。如果該單位在敵人領土開始回合，則 [ICON_Movement] 移動力為4點。攻擊時+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力，防禦近戰攻擊時-5 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UNIT_SPANISH_CONQUISTADOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
文藝復興時期西班牙特色單位，取代火槍手。與宗教單位處於同一格位內時+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。如果該單位佔領一座城市，或在城市被佔領時與之相鄰，那麼此城會自動將征服者所屬玩家的宗教採納為主流宗教。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ABILITY_NAGAO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
抵禦遠程單位時+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]視野能穿過地貌。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]穿過樹林和雨林不會受到 [ICON_Movement] 移動力減益。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ABILITY_CONQUISTADOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
和宗教單位處於同一個格位時+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]如果該單位佔領城市、或在城市被佔領時位於其相鄰的單元格，該城市會自動皈依征服者所屬玩家的主流宗教。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ABILITY_GARDE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
位於和 [ICON_Capital] 相同的大陸時，+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]每次擊殺+10 [ICON_GreatGeneral] 大將軍點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ABILITY_ROUGH_RIDER_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在 [ICON_Capital] 首都所處大陸擊敗敵軍單位後，可獲得等於其基本 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力半數的 [ICON_Culture] 文化值。（在標準遊戲速度下）[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]在丘陵作戰時+10 [ICON_Strength] 戰鬥力。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_MOD_VIKINGS_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
在這個60回合的場景中扮演強大的維京王者，將整個歐洲納入你的統治之下。扮演來自丹麥、挪威或瑞典的三位維京統治者之一，一路靠著搶劫與掠奪浩浩蕩蕩前往歐洲。向英格蘭發動海軍攻勢、征服巴黎，或在直布羅陀海峽附近徜徉，並劫掠地中海沿岸。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]回到祖國，盡可能累積報酬率最高的貿易路線，建立一個商業帝國。而如果你發現自己正在信仰某種宗教，便去散播福音，為你的人民產生更多 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值吧。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_VICTORY_ANCIENT_RIVALS_PLAYER_HAS_MOST_ANCIENT_RIVALS_POINTS_PROGRESS
Text:
勝利點數{VictoryPoints} {VictoryStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]被探索的格位{HexesExplored} {ExploredStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]被掠奪的单元格{TilesPillaged} {PillagedStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]已建成的市政{CivicsCompleted} {CivicsStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]擁有的奇觀{WondersPossessed} {WondersStatusIcon}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GOVT_INFLUENCE_POINTS_TOWARDS_ENVOYS
Text:
每 [ICON_Turn] 回合獲得{1_InfluencePointRate}影響力{1_InfluencePointRate : plural 1?點數; other?點數;}。在 {2_InfluencePointThreshold} {2_InfluencePointThreshold : plural 1?點數; other?點數;}時，獲得{3_EnvoysPerThreshold} [ICON_Envoy] {3_EnvoysPerThreshold : plural 1?使者; other?使者;}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ESPIONAGE_GAIN_SOURCES
Text:
任務簡報[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你的任務：獲取資源[NEWLINE]持續時間：{1_Num} 回合[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]一旦間諜耗費必要時間來尋找當地聯絡人，任務自動成功。這會在接下來的{2_Duration}回合增加該城市所有帶攻擊性的間諜行動機會。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ESPIONAGE_LISTENING_POST
Text:
任務簡報[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]你的任務：情報站[NEWLINE]持續時間：{1_Num} 回合[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]此任務自動獲得成功。執行該任務會將你在該文明下的外交能見度提升1級。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ESPIONAGECHOOSER_TRAVEL_TIME_TOOLTIP
Text:
{1_TravelTime} {1_TravelTime : plural 1?回合; other?回合;}移動至城市[NEWLINE]{2_EstablishTime} {2_EstablishTime : plural 1?回合; other?回合;}後開始間諜活動


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_SPYMISSIONDETAILS_UNITOPERATION_SPY_GAIN_SOURCES
Text:
間諜會在高於{1_Levels}{1_Levels : plural 1?等級; other?等級;}的情況下行動{2_Turns}{2_Turns : plural 1?回合; other?回合;}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_HUD_UNIT_ACTION_CORPORATION_INVALID_RESOURCE_AMOUNT_TO_STEAL
Text:
另一名玩家已經以{1_OtherPlayerAmountControlled}處該資源創立了企業。若要奪取該企業，你需要比對方擁有更多的資源。你目前控制著{2_AmountControlled}處已改良的此資源單元格。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_DISTRICT_ZONE_WILL_COST_EXTRA_PRODUCTION
Text:
需要額外的 {1_ExtraTurnsUntilComplete} {1_ExtraTurnsUntilComplete : plural 1?回合; other?回合;} 來完成（消耗一個額外的 {2_ExtraProductionCost} [ICON_Production] 生產力）。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_UNIT_TRAIN_REQUIRES_RESOURCE_ACCESS
Text:
你的文明需要 {2_AmountNeededWithoutDistrict}個 {5_ResourceIcon} {1_ResourceName}來訓練這種單位類型。如果該城市有 {4_DistrictName}，則僅需{3_AmountNeededWithDistrict}個 {5_ResourceIcon} {1_ResourceName}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TOP_PANEL_INFLUENCE_TOOLTIP_POINTS_THRESHOLD
Text:
在影響力到達{2_InfluencePointThreshold}{2_InfluencePointThreshold : plural 1?點數; other?點數;}時，可獲得{1_EnvoysPerThreshold}位[ICON_Envoy] {1_EnvoysPerThreshold : plural 1?使者; other?使者;}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_OPERATION_SIMULATE_SPREAD_RELIGION
Text:
[NEWLINE]進行此操作後，該城市會有{1_NumFollowers}位{1_NumFollowers: plural 1?公民; other?公民;}信仰{2_ReligionName}。[NEWLINE]{3_MajorityReligionString}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_TOURISM_BONUS_YIELD
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###}% [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績，來自{2_YieldIcon} {3_YieldName}（需要{4_TechOrCivicName}）


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_GREAT_PERSON_POINTS
Text:
每回合{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###} {2_Icon} {3_GreatPersonClassName}{1_Amount : plural 1?點數; other?點數;}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_GREAT_WORKS_ART_SLOTS
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###} [ICON_GreatWork_Landscape] 偉大的{1_Amount : plural 1?巨作; other?巨作;}藝術{1_Amount : plural 1?槽位; other?槽位;}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_GREAT_WORKS_WRITING_SLOTS
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###} [ICON_GreatWork_Writing] 偉大的{1_Amount : plural 1?巨作; other?巨作;}著作{1_Amount : plural 1?槽位; other?槽位;}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_GREAT_WORKS_MUSIC_SLOTS
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###} [ICON_GreatWork_Music] 偉大的{1_Amount : plural 1?巨作; other?巨作;}音樂{1_Amount : plural 1?槽位; other?槽位;}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_GREAT_WORKS_CATHEDRAL_SLOTS
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###;-#,###} [ICON_GreatWork_Religious] 偉大的{1_Amount : plural 1?巨作; other?巨作;}宗教藝術{1_Amount : plural 1?槽位; other?槽位;}


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TYPE_TRAIT_ADJACENT_BONUS_PER
Text:
{1_Amount: number +#,###.#;-#,###.#} {2_YieldIcon} {3_YieldName}來自每{4_Count}個相鄰{5_AdjacentObject}單元格。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_CITY_STATES_LEVY_MILITARY_DETAILS
Text:
城邦宗主國能支付 {1_GoldCost} [ICON_Gold] 金幣來暫時獲得目前所有軍事單位的控制權。在受徵集的回合中這些軍事單位將無法移動，但會在下個回合接受宗主國的號令。{2_TurnLimit} [ICON_Turn] 回合之後，或宗主國發生變更後，這些單位將返回城邦。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_PEOPLE_PASS_DETAILS
Text:
如果不想招募該 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，而為未來的機會儲存 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數，您可選擇放棄。放棄則消耗 {1_RejectCost} [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數，且無法撤銷。消耗的點數將作為購買 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人的折扣，讓其他玩家用較少點數就能獲得它。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_PEOPLE_PATRONAGE_FAITH_DETAILS
Text:
您可以使用{1_FaithCost} [ICON_Faith] 信仰值用於贊助，以及用在目前的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數上，以便立即獲得該 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。所需 [ICON_Faith] 信仰值取決於您擁有的偉人點數和通常招募 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人所需的偉人點數之間的差值。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果您或其他玩家已有足夠點數招募 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，或您曾經放棄過 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，您無法執行該操作。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_PEOPLE_PATRONAGE_GOLD_DETAILS
Text:
您可以使用 {1_GoldCost} [ICON_Gold] 金幣用於贊助，以及用在目前的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數上，以便立即獲得該 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人。 所需 [ICON_Gold] 金幣取決於您擁有的偉人點數和通常招募 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人所需的偉人點數之間的差值。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]如果您或其他玩家已有足夠點數招募 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，或您曾經放棄過 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，您無法執行該操作。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_PEOPLE_RECRUIT_DETAILS
Text:
您已累積了足夠的 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人點數，現在可使用{1_RecruitCost}點數來招募該 [ICON_GreatPerson] 偉人，他會立即出現在您的 [ICON_Capital] 首都，或為您最近的沿海城市招募海軍統帥。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_PEOPLE_POINT_DETAILS
Text:
{1_PointsPerTurn} {2_IconString} {3_GreatPersonClassName} {1_PointsPerTurn : plural 1?點數; other?點數;} 每 [ICON_Turn] 回合。[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]點數主要來自區域和建築物，但同時，世界奇觀和政策也能產生點數。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_WORKS_TOOLTIP_THEMABLE
Text:
{1_name}（{2_type}）[NEWLINE]創作者是 {3_author}[NEWLINE]創作時間為 {4_date}[NEWLINE]未設定主題時每回合提供 {5_providing}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_WORKS_TOOLTIP_DUPLICATE
Text:
{1_name}（{2_type}）[NEWLINE]作者 {3_author}[NEWLINE]製作日期 {4_date}[NEWLINE]由已在此處有作品展示的畫家製作時，每回合帶來1 [ICON_Culture] 文化值、1 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_GREAT_WORKS_ART_MATCHED_THEME
Text:
[COLOR:ResCultureLabelCS]{1_building}如今已確定了主題。+100% [ICON_Culture] 文化值和 [ICON_Tourism] 旅遊業績。[ENDCOLOR]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_ROUTECHOOSER_YIELD_SOURCE_MULTIPLIERS
Text:
{4_PercentAmount : number +#;-#}% {2_YieldIconString} {3_YieldName} ({1_YieldAmount : number +#.#;-#.#})的總體百分比效果。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PLAYER_YIELD_GOLD_MAINTENANCE_FROM_BUILDING
Text:
{Value : number -#.#;+#.#}來自{1_BuildingName}（{2_Maintenance} [ICON_Gold] * {3_Count} {3_Count: plural 1?建築; other?建築;}）


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PLAYER_YIELD_GOLD_MAINTENANCE_FROM_DISTRICT
Text:
{Value : number -#.#;+#.#}來自{1_DistrictName}（{2_Maintenance} [ICON_Gold] * {3_Count} {3_Count: plural 1?區域; other?區域;}）


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_PLAYER_YIELD_GOLD_MAINTENANCE_FROM_UNIT
Text:
{Value : number -#.#;+#.#}來自{1_UnitName}（（{2_Maintenance} [ICON_Gold] - {3_Discount} [ICON_Gold]） * {4_Count} {4_Count : plural 1?單位; other?單位;}）


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_TOURISM_LENS_ERA_TOOLTIP
Text:
{1_TourismInfo}[NEWLINE]+{2_Percent}% [ICON_TOURISM] 旅遊業績，對抗進入{3_Era}的文明:[NEWLINE]{4_CivList}[NEWLINE]


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_NOTIFICATION_CITYSTATE_MET_FIRST_SUMMARY
Text:
作為第一個遇見{1_CityStateName}的主流文明，你在那裡獲得了{2_NumEnvoys} [ICON_Envoy] {2_NumEnvoys : plural 1?使者; other?使者;}。


Language: zh_Hant_HK
Tag: LOC_NOTIFICATION_ROADS_UPGRADED_SUMMARY
Text:
{1_RoadName}已解鎖，升級您領土內的所有道路。（{2_MovementCost} [ICON_Movement] 移動力{2_MovementCost : plural 1?點數; other?點數;}無視地形）。


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TECH_DAWN_OF_CIVILIZATION_QUOTE_1
Text:
In the beginning, the earth was without form. And void. And then the sun shone upon the sleeping earth. Into this swirling maelstrom of fire air and water, the first stirrings of life appeared.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_INTRO
Text:
As your advisor I am qualified to assist you in all matters related to ruling our civilization.[NEWLINE]If you do not require my service, you can dismiss me to attend to other matters.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_1
Text:
Greetings My Liege! As your personal advisor, I am qualified to assist you in all matters related to ruling our civilization. I am at your service.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_2
Text:
All great civilizations begin with a great city, and our Settlers have found an ideal location. Order them to found a new city here.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_3
Text:
Well done! You have founded your first city. From these roots your civilization will grow to stand the test of time. Now you must nurture and protect what you have created.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_4
Text:
Security is of great importance. There are barbaric tribes near us who want nothing more than to pillage and plunder what is ours.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_6
Text:
Training has begun, but it will be some time before our new Warriors are ready. There are no further matters to attend to right now.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_7
Text:
Your city is busy training Warriors for its defense, but a great civilization cannot thrive on military might alone. We have people talented in the ways of science and discovery. You should employ them in researching new technologies which will advance our civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_8
Text:
Wise decision, Your Majesty. This technology will let us better extract the riches from the earth and increase [ICON_Production] Production in our cities. I will let you know when we have finished our research.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_9
Text:
Your Majesty, hostile Barbarians have been seen near our [ICON_Capital] Capital. If left alone they are sure to attack our people and pillage our lands. Your newly trained Warriors await your orders to attack!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_10
Text:
Our Warriors were victorious! They fought well to defend our people against this threat. However, the Barbarians are still envious of our civilization. We should be prepared in case they return in greater force.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_13
Text:
The lands surrounding our city could be bountiful if we develop them. We should train Builders to create improvements to the lands within our borders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_14
Text:
There are mysteries that await us outside our borders in the uncharted lands beyond. The only way to find out is to explore.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_14_BODY
Text:
At the beginning of the game, your city and the lands immediately around it are revealed, but the areas beyond, represented by blank parchment, indicate parts of the world you have not yet explored.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_16_BODY
Text:
Warrior units have a [ICON_Movement] Movement range of 2.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]The blue colored indicator shown on the lands around the unit displays the furthest the selected unit can move in a single turn.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_17_BODY
Text:
Open terrain, like Plains and Grassland, only consume 1 [ICON_Movement] Movement point, whereas more difficult terrain, like Woods and Hills, will consume 2 or more [ICON_Movement] Movement points. Move the Warrior unit to the highlighted location by right clicking.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_15
Text:
Your Majesty, our Warriors have discovered a small Tribal Village whose inhabitants are welcoming and friendly. Shall we investigate it and send the Warriors to speak with them?


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_18_BODY
Text:
Exploring Tribal Villages can give your civilization one of many instant benefits, like granting an additional [ICON_Citizen] Population in your city, or awarding [ICON_Gold] Gold. It is a good strategy to explore as many Tribal Villages as possible.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_20_BODY
Text:
To explore a Tribal Village, move one of your units into the Tribal Village hex. Try moving your Warrior unit there now.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_16
Text:
It appears that the Tribal Villagers are also harassed by the Barbarians. They are impressed by our culture, and have decided to join us in the fight!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_17
Text:
Good news indeed! They are skillful Scouts and wily travelers. They can move faster than our Warriors, making them ideal for exploring the surrounding lands, but they are not as strong in combat. They eagerly await your orders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_21_BODY
Text:
Notice that the Scout unit has a [ICON_Movement] Movement of 3, allowing it to move a greater distance than other units. Move the Scout unit toward an undiscovered part of the map.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_18
Text:
Scouts are excellent at exploring, but they are not as strong in combat as our Warriors. It is better to have them focus on exploration and survival rather than fighting our enemies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_19
Text:
A team of Builders has finished their training in our city. They are ready to work on improving the surrounding lands. There are ideal locations for the growing of [ICON_Food] Food to support our populace. Constructing a Farm there would increase our yield from those lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_22_BODY
Text:
Builders can construct a wide variety of improvements to your land. The type of improvement they can build on a plot is often determined by the type of terrain. Plains and Grassland plots are ideal for Farms, which help increase [ICON_Citizen] Population.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_24_BODY
Text:
Construct a Farm improvement here by clicking on the "Build Improvement: Farm" button next to the Unit Panel.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_25_BODY
Text:
Constructing a Farm here has increased the [ICON_Food] Food yield from this plot from 1 [ICON_Food] Food per turn to 2. The amount of [ICON_Food] Food generated by your city determines how fast the Population of that city grows, granting you new [ICON_Citizen] Citizens to work more tiles. More [ICON_Food] Food means faster growth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_26_BODY
Text:
Builders can build up to 3 improvements before exhausting their workforce. This number is indicated in the Unit Panel. This Builder unit has consumed one of its workforce from building the Farm and now has 2 remaining.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_20
Text:
Your Majesty, it is once again time to choose where to direct the production efforts of our city. Your leadership is without equal and our civilization continues to thrive. Shall we construct a Monument to honor our civilization's growing greatness?


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_2
Text:
Our explorers on the frontier have discovered a Barbarian camp. This is the source of the Barbarians threatening our region. We must destroy this stronghold, or they will continue to plague us.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_3
Text:
I would advise you to use caution. The Barbarian camp is heavily defended by their best troops and will be hard to take. We should send an assault force of multiple military units to ensure victory.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_BARBARIAN_CAMP_DISCOVERED_C
Text:
In developing your military, it is always a good strategy to diversify. Not all units are created equal, some are better against others, and have abilities that separate them from the rest.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_7
Text:
Our explorers have spotted another friendly Tribal Village. I suggest we send our Scouts to investigate it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_8
Text:
A good city can become a great city through careful planning. Deciding where to place a city district is an important decision. Be sure to pick a location best suited to reap the most benefit.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_4
Text:
Your Excellency, I am happy to announce that because of our city's prosperity, our [ICON_Citizen] Population has grown!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_CITY_POPULATION_CHANGED_B
Text:
The [ICON_Citizen] Population of your first city has grown from 1 to 2. As long as a city is well fed and its people are happy, it will continue to grow. The [ICON_Citizen] Citizens of the city work the surrounding plots and improvements contributing to greater yields. Higher [ICON_Citizen] Populations contribute to faster [ICON_Science] Science research, faster city [ICON_Production] Production, and faster [ICON_Culture] Cultural growth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_CITY_POPULATION_CHANGED_C
Text:
It is always a good strategy to not only found new cities to expand your realm, but also to grow those cities.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_MESSAGE_NATURAL_WONDER_REVEALED
Text:
In Civilization VI, you can get Eureka Moments that boost your technology research through in game achievements. This Eureka Moment was gained by discovering a natural wonder. Other achievements could be winning a battle with a specific unit or constructing a building. Achieving these greatly accelerates your technological progress.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_1
Text:
Through exploration we have discovered a natural wonder of the world. There is no doubt that it could provide a great benefit to the one who settles the lands surrounding it.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_2
Text:
Reconnaissance units like Scouts are unique in that they can gain experience by exploring and discovering parts of the world.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_3
Text:
The workforce of our Builder unit has been expended. We will need to train more Builders to continue building improvements on the lands surrounding our cities.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_5
Text:
The opportunity has arrived for a change into a new and more powerful system of government. Let us strengthen our identity and enact more policies to govern our people.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_6
Text:
We have the opportunity to develop a formal Trade Route between two cities. A Trader unit is required to establish such a route, which would be very beneficial for our economy.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_7
Text:
In addition to bringing riches to our civilization, this Trade Route will gradually develop Roads between our cities. Roads allow our units to no longer be impaired by the difficult terrain through which they pass.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_9
Text:
This military unit has proven themselves. From the experience they have gained in combat they are eligible to be granted a promotion. How will you award these brave souls?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_10
Text:
The combat achievements of this unit have become legendary, and worthy of a name unique to them. With what title shall we honor them?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_11
Text:
The health of this unit is very low and in danger of being lost. Allowing a unit to take a break from combat and rest will allow it to heal over time.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_12
Text:
It is best to use caution when moving close to enemy units. Doing so will often force the unit to be in the enemy's 'zone of control', restricting its movement.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_13
Text:
My liege, our city would do well with some farms or other improvements. I suggest we train a Builder soon.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_14
Text:
Our Builders have been idle. Perhaps we should direct their efforts to improving the lands around our city.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_15
Text:
Our capital flourishes! But I think it is time that we begin establishing roots elsewhere. Perhaps we should train a Settler.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_16
Text:
My liege, we have an Envoy at our disposal. We can use the Envoy to gain favor with a city-state. Becoming friendly with a city-state neighbor can be greatly beneficial to our civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_17
Text:
Our City-State neighbors have made a request of us. If we can impress them, I think they will reward us handsomely.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_18
Text:
I'm afraid I must report that we are bankrupt. It is imperative that we do whatever we can to ease ourselves of this debt. May I suggest we disband some of our military?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_19
Text:
Your grace, I must warn you that some of the improved lands around our city have been pillaged. We should find those responsible and ensure no more damage can be done.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_20
Text:
We have recently gained advanced knowledge in city planning. Creating districts in our cities can be much more powerful and lucrative than simple improvements like Farms and Mines.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_21
Text:
Our military has learned the way of combining two military units into larger scale Corps. These Corps units are much more powerful than their singular counterparts.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_22
Text:
Our military now is trained in the way of combining three military units into a single Army, much larger and more powerful than a Corps unit.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_23
Text:
Your Grace, we have obtained greater knowledge in the art of building static fortifications. Building Walls around our cities will not only make them stronger against a foreign invader, but will also allow them to bombard nearby enemies.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_24
Text:
Your grace! The enemy is at our gates, and this city is surrounded and under siege. Supplies and food cannot get through, and our city cannot heal its wounds. It is paramount that we break this encirclement.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_25
Text:
An enemy is in range of our city. Order the city garrison to conduct a ranged attack against the invaders.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_26
Text:
It is important to keep a close eye on our neighbors, and our people may be able to help. Listen carefully, for they are sometimes privy to more information than we are.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_27
Text:
My liege, we are beginning to attract the attention of the Great People of the world. Of course, there are other leaders vying for their attention, too.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_28
Text:
The more specialized districts we construct, the more we will draw in specialized Great People to share their talents with our civilization. I advise that we continue to build these.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_29
Text:
A famous artist is inspired by our civilization, and has come to our lands to create great works of art. I suggest we find somewhere to house these masterpieces immediately.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_30
Text:
This writer has been inspired by our civilization, and comes to our lands to create great works of writing. I suggest we find somewhere to house these masterpieces immediately.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_31
Text:
Our populace has attracted a Great Prophet to our lands! Send this most holy person to our Holy Site and rejoice, for the time has come to found a religion for ourselves.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_32
Text:
This musician is inspired by our civilization, and has come to our land to create great musical works. I suggest we find somewhere to house these masterpieces immediately.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_33
Text:
Our civilization's attention to the naval arm of our military has given rise to a Great Admiral among our ranks. When deployed wisely among our ships we are sure to have a distinct advantage in battle.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_34
Text:
Our civilization's dedication to military affairs has given rise to a Great General among our troops. When used wisely in the field, generals can change the tide of battle in our favor.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_35
Text:
A great merchant has come to our civilization! Each one has a unique talent which will help our economy flourish.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_36
Text:
Our dedication to the ways of science has attracted a great scientist to our civilization! I am certain we will be able to use them to benefit future scientific developments.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_37
Text:
Constructing wonders of the world not only is a remarkable display of our empire's greatness, they have other benefits as well. Remember, other civilizations may also be competing in this endeavor, and there can only be one of each type in the world.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_38
Text:
Just as our citizens have faith in your leadership, so they are beginning to have faith in a higher power. I think it is wise to cultivate this new way of thinking - perhaps there is some benefit to be gained.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_39
Text:
The number of faithful has grown, and it is time for us to define our beliefs. Let us choose a pantheon to worship.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_40
Text:
My liege, we have the ability to train religious missionaries to begin spreading our great religion to foreign lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_41
Text:
Your majesty, I believe that we may benefit from recruiting an apostle to spread our religion. These holy people are quite powerful in the ways of conversion.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_42
Text:
All other religions in the world are a threat to our faith. We can recruit Inquisitors to purge the heretics from our cities.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_43
Text:
Your Excellency, I feel it is time to build some Neighborhoods for our growing populous. We should build these on our most beautiful lands - near natural wonders, or perhaps by the Coast.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_44
Text:
My liege, all of our military has been destroyed and we are completely defenseless. Training military units is of utmost importance if we are to survive.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_45
Text:
Our explorers have spotted another friendly Tribal Village. I suggest we send a Scout to investigate.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_46
Text:
Your Majesty, keep your allies close and your enemies closer. We are now able to recruit a Spy who could help us better understand what it is that our neighbors do… On a more covert level.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_50
Text:
Some resources, like this one, can be harvested. This will remove the resource in exchange for an immediate gain.  But once it is removed, it will not come back.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_51
Text:
We have discovered a City-State! Establishing diplomatic relations with them will surely be beneficial for our empire. Perhaps we should send them an envoy…


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_52
Text:
There are several different types of City-States, and each may provide different benefits in return for our friendship. Our government, over time, will allow us to earn envoys to grow these relationships.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_53
Text:
We have trained our first ranged unit, capable of hitting enemies from afar, while out of the range of hand-to-hand combat.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_55
Text:
We are now skilled in the construction of walls to protect our cities. In addition to providing protection from invaders, they are also excellent vantage points to bombard enemies with ranged attacks.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_56
Text:
The enemy has surrounded the city and we are under siege. We must break this blockade or we will not be able to reinforce the garrison and repair our defenses.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_57
Text:
My liege, this city has great defenses. With enough force, and the right military, I think we can take it.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_58
Text:
Your majesty, there are times when peace is not the better option. I think we now have good reason to show our military might, but it is a careful decision that you must make alone.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_59
Text:
It is a difficult world to face alone, but if I may, I do believe that one of our neighbors has proven worthy. Shall we extend the hand of friendship to them?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_60
Text:
Your excellency, I feel it is time that we send a diplomatic delegation to those around us. This will allow us to sow the seeds of friendship, and perhaps give us a better insight as to what these other people may be doing.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_61
Text:
I have good news! If we wish it, I think we may have an ally amongst our neighbors. This could come in handy if we ever find ourselves in need of help.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_62
Text:
Do not distress, my liege. There are those out there who cannot be pleased, no matter what. It is important to remember what you stand for, and if the time comes… to fight for it.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_63
Text:
My liege, I must warn you that denouncing other civilizations will have long and lasting consequences. It is important to think carefully on these matters.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_64
Text:
Though it appears as if we may have offended someone, do not fret. There will always be other leaders with different ideas than our own.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_65
Text:
It seems that our choices have won favor with one of our neighbors. But everyone has their own agenda, and I am sure that someone else may be watching us warily.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_66
Text:
Your grace, If I may, I think it is time that we begin exploring what is beyond our shores. It may be that our land units would be fit for this opportunity.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_67
Text:
It isn't just our lands that can be improved, but our waterways as well. I suggest we search for opportunities to exploit the resources along the shores.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_68
Text:
I think we may have an opportunity to convince the followers of another religion of the error of their ways. Shall we seize this opportunity?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_69
Text:
Foreign proselytizers have been seeking audience with our citizens. I must advise that we do something about this threat to our holy lands. Perhaps we should launch an inquisition.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_70
Text:
Neighborhoods with higher appeal will house more citizens, whereas neighborhoods built by marsh, airports, or rainforest are not going to be very populated at all.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_71
Text:
Our treasury is filled with gold, and I think it could be wise to make an investment. Perhaps we could expand our military.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_72
Text:
We have not yet constructed a Holy Site, and the great prophet that we have attracted to our city has nowhere to go. Let's construct one!


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_73
Text:
Our populace has attracted a Great Prophet to our lands! Send this most holy person to Stonehenge and rejoice, for the time has come to found a religion for ourselves.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_74
Text:
A Great Engineer has come to our civilization, ready to work hard to advance our infrastructure. Each has a different talent, but all of them can improve our cities in some way.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_75
Text:
We now have the ability to build a Spaceport. If we further our research, we may be able to unlock the mysteries of the stars.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_76
Text:
We have uncovered a way to increase our farming output. To tap into this potential, I suggest we try to maintain two adjacent farms to each plot of farmland.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_77
Text:
We have furthered our agricultural technology yet again! Each farm that we build next to another will increase the output of both - I suggest we do this as often as possible.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_78
Text:
Times have changed, and the era of diplomatic delegations has passed. It is important that we now establish Embassies with our friends and allies.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_79
Text:
This earth is a gift, and it is important that we protect it. I recommend we establish a National Park. It may even attract tourists!


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_80
Text:
It isn't simply seagulls that flock to our shores now. If we build a Seaside Resort, we may be able to benefit from this new attraction to the ocean.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_81
Text:
Though our own people are quite skilled, we can always benefit by learning from others. Perhaps we should look into beginning a Research Agreement with one of our neighbors.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_82
Text:
A Relic! If we can house this for our people to see, I am certain that it will attract more of the faithful to our lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_83
Text:
It appears we have become quite a popular attraction to the people of the world. I wonder how many more tourists will travel through our borders…


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_84
Text:
You are a brave and mighty conqueror! I have great faith that you will soon rule all of the lands before us.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_85
Text:
Our religion spreads throughout the lands. It is a great joy to see so many people embracing what we know to be true. Though, there are still more who have yet to see the light.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_86
Text:
Though our population grows, there is little room for our newest citizens. We should find a way to add more housing to this city.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_87
Text:
Your grace, I worry about the happiness of our citizens. I would advise that we investigate a means of increasing their contentment.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_88
Text:
Our people have discovered that they have a particular, useful skill that I think we should explore. If we begin construction on this new district now, I believe we will have it completed in no time at all.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_89
Text:
Alas, all of this time that we spend at war is taking a toll on our people. I see pain in their eyes, and our productivity has reached record lows.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_LISTENER_90
Text:
The building of an Archeological Museum will allow us to train Archeologists. There is so much to learn from the world, and they will help us gain this knowledge.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_11a_BODY
Text:
Tasks which must be completed before you can end your turn will appear in the notification panel in the bottom right of the screen.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Since production has finished in this city, you get a reminder that you need to choose the next thing to produce before you can end your turn.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_13a_BODY
Text:
A Builder unit has been added to the city's Production Queue. It will take several turns to complete its training. Since there are no remaining decisions that need to be made this turn, the Next Turn button is displayed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_19_BODY
Text:
Since your Warrior unit has used all of its [ICON_Movement] Movement points, it is done with its actions this turn.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Production and research tasks are still in progress, so there are no other decisions to be made.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_4a_BODY
Text:
This is the city's Production Chooser. From here you can construct buildings, create wonders of the world, and train military and civilian units.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_5a_BODY
Text:
Civilization is a turn-based game where decisions are made and actions performed during a game turn, much like playing a board game with friends. Once all the other players have made their moves, a new turn will begin.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_5b_BODY
Text:
Building items in your city takes time. The number of game turns it will take is indicated on each item in the menu.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]This is calculated based on the [ICON_Production] Production cost of the item versus the [ICON_Production] Production yield of the city. The higher the yield, the fewer turns it will take to build.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_7a_BODY
Text:
The Research Panel displays what technology your civilization is currently working toward. It is empty because you have not yet chosen a technology to research.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_10_BODY
Text:
Military units can attack enemy units by moving into their hex. Right-click on the Barbarian unit to attack it. Try doing that now.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_27_BODY
Text:
In addition to training units, your city can focus its production on constructing buildings like the Monument.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Try building one now by selecting it in the city's Production Queue.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_21
Text:
With Barbarians in our midst, I think our people would be more comfortable if our Warriors were closer to the city. Order them to return and defend.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_28a_BODY
Text:
Units can be ordered to move longer distances by giving them a multi-turn order. This will eliminate the need to give a separate move order every turn to reach a destination.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_28_BODY
Text:
Try ordering the Warrior to return to the city by clicking the Move To button, then clicking the city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_29_BODY
Text:
When using a multi-move order, a path will display on the map indicating the path the unit will take, along with indicators of the number of turns until it reaches the destination.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_22
Text:
Your Majesty, our Scouts are eager to explore the surrounding lands and uncover new areas of the continent. Send them forth!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_24
Text:
Our brightest minds have discovered new and ingenious ways to extract precious stones and metals from the earth. There is an abundance of valuable Stone nearby, it would be wise to send our Builders to construct a Quarry there.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_30_BODY
Text:
Scattered around the map are resources of various kinds. There are 3 categories of resources:[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Luxury: These contribute to the overall happiness of your citizens.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Strategic: Essential for creating some very powerful military units.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Bonus: Provide additional yields of [ICON_Food] Food , [ICON_Production] Production, or [ICON_Gold] Gold.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_31a_BODY
Text:
This Stone is a Bonus resource. It provides an additional +1 [ICON_Production]Production to your city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]If you build a Quarry improvement here, it will raise the yield to +2 [ICON_Production]Production.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_32_BODY
Text:
Quarry improvements increase the [ICON_Production]Production of the city they're in. Higher Production allows units and buildings to be constructed faster. In short, the higher the Production of a city, the less turns required to build something there.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_26
Text:
Our citizens are comforted by the return of our Warriors to the city. Might I suggest having them adopt a more defensive stance for the time being? They will be vigilant against the Barbarian threat.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_27
Text:
Great news! Our craftsmen have completed the Monument in our city! It is a symbol of the accomplishments and perseverance of our civilization, and inspires our people to push even further into the lands beyond.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_28
Text:
Your Majesty, we should expand our realm. We have adventurous families ready to strike out and claim new lands for the glory of our people. If we do not expand our borders, then in time we will find ourselves surrounded by our enemies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_29
Text:
Settlers will take some time to complete their training. Our Scout should continue exploring undiscovered lands. I would advise we keep our Warriors in the [ICON_Capital] Capital to defend it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_30
Text:
The Settlers are ready to embark on their journey to found a new city and expand our civilization. The lands beyond are dangerous, and it would be wise to insure their protection by sending them with a military escort.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_31
Text:
Our Settlers should be safe on their journey under the protection of our Warriors. But we will be without protection in the [ICON_Capital] Capital once they leave. I suggest we begin training a Slinger unit immediately to defend the city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_32
Text:
Well done, Your Majesty. Our great minds have already begun work on new ways to store and preserve our food.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_33
Text:
May the triumphs of our great civilization know no bounds! Our second great city awaits your direction. With your wise leadership it too shall grow and thrive.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_34
Text:
Like our [ICON_Capital] Capital, this city can produce buildings and units, increase its population, and expand its borders. More cities means more to manage, but I have great faith in Your Majesty.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_36
Text:
Your Majesty has shown wisdom and understanding in the fundamentals of ruling a civilization. I shall be available to assist you at any point should you wish, but for now I take my leave.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_37
Text:
Our farmers are very skilled at providing [ICON_Food] Food for our people, but we need to find better ways to store it. I suggest we direct the efforts of our scientists to solving this problem.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_39
Text:
Our dedication to developing a consistent written language has allowed us to record our knowledge for future use. If we were to provide a common location in our city for our scientists to share this information I'm sure their pursuits would be much more efficient.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_41
Text:
The Campus is complete and we have already begun to see its benefits. Construction of a Library would be ideal at such a location, should your highness agree to it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_42
Text:
It seems we are not the only people competing for control of these lands. I suggest we proceed with caution.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_43
Text:
Your Highness we are at war. Security of the realm is of greatest importance. We must begin mobilizing an army immediately.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_44
Text:
Uniting your governance with a strict code of laws can be most beneficial to us. I think it is time to enact a set of policies to strengthen our progress toward a more refined civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_45
Text:
Strict discipline in our military ranks would give us an edge against the unorganized Barbarian horde. More structured Urban Planning will make our cities more organized and efficient. I suggest we enact these policies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_46
Text:
Nurturing our populace is important, but we must also protect them. There are barbaric tribes near us who want nothing more than to pillage and plunder what is ours.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_47
Text:
We continue to make progress on training a team of Builders, and research is continuing as planned. [NEWLINE] Our Warriors are very close to the Tribal Village and should arrive soon.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_48
Text:
Our people have looked to the heavens, and begun to wonder if our fortunes may be guided by the hands of a greater power. Who are these great gods, and what blessings might they bestow on us?


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_49
Text:
In a life dedicated to searching for guidance in the mysteries of the universe, one has had an epiphany that will guide our faithful for millennia to come. Let the teachings of this Great Prophet spread people of all cultures across the face of the earth. By proliferating our Religion, we may be victorious over our rivals.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_50
Text:
Congratulations, My Liege! Your leadership has inspired our people to greatness, and now one among them has attained true genius. Their contribution will reverberate throughout history.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_51
Text:
Your Majesty, we must reach out to our neighbors in trade. Through them, we stand to boost our economy, and gain new insights into the mysteries of the world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_52
Text:
My Liege, we have made contact with some outsiders. These people are more advanced than the Tribal Villagers that have aided us in the past. Should we extend a hand in friendship, or seek to conquer them?


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_53
Text:
Caution, your majesty. This city is hostile to us and its people will surely fight to the bitter end to keep it out of our hands. We must be well prepared


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_34_BODY
Text:
If there are units that have not moved this turn and are awaiting orders, you can address them by clicking the Unit Needs Orders notification. Click the notification now to be taken to your Scout unit so you may issue new orders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_36a_BODY
Text:
When not advancing a military unit, it is often a good idea to fortify the unit. When ordered to fortify, the unit will spend up to 2 turns digging in. This will increase their [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength if they are attacked.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_37_BODY
Text:
This unit will now have an advantage in combat when defending. However, if the unit is moved it will lose its fortified status and will have to be ordered to fortify again in order to receive the bonus.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_38a_BODY
Text:
Your Builder still has one of its workforce remaining.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]You can use it to build either a Mine on the Hill plot (+[ICON_Production] Production), or a Farm on the Plains plot (+[ICON_Food] Food).[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]This may take more than one turn, one to move the Builder unit, and another turn to build the improvement.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_38b_BODY
Text:
Remember: Builders can only construct improvements within the borders of your city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]By generating [ICON_Culture] Culture, the borders of your city will expand, allowing you access to more resources.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_39_BODY
Text:
Feel free to continue exploring the map with your Scout unit. End your turn when you have finished giving orders to your Builder and Scout.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_40_BODY
Text:
Your city has finished production on the Monument building. All buildings contribute to a city’s development in specific ways. The Monument will increase the [ICON_Culture] Culture generated by the city, which extends the city’s influence over additional hexes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_41b_BODY
Text:
Open the Production Chooser and begin training a Settler unit. Remember, the Production Chooser can either be accessed from the city's Information Panel or from the Choose Production reminder in the Notification Panel on the right side of the game view.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_42_BODY
Text:
Units like Settlers and Builders are non-combat, civilian units and thus cannot defend themselves. This leaves them highly vulnerable to be captured or killed by enemy units. However, your military units can act as protection for the civilian unit if they occupy the same hex.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_43a_BODY
Text:
An easy way to move the two units together is by linking them together until they reach their destination.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_44_BODY
Text:
Begin moving the units southeast toward the indicated map marker. If you have not yet revealed that part of the map it might make your journey easier if you sent your Scout there as well.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_45a_BODY
Text:
In a game of Civilization, once a player loses all of their cities, the game is over. It is very important that you protect your cities, especially your [ICON_Capital] Capital, from any foreign threat.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_46_BODY
Text:
As is often the case in history, technological discoveries inspire new technologies, building upon knowledge gained in the past. In a game of Civilization, this is simulated by the Technology Tree. Click the open Technology Tree button in the Research Panel to view it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_47_BODY
Text:
The Technology Tree displays all of the researchable technologies available in a game of Civilization, from the Ancient era all the way to the Information era and beyond.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_48_BODY
Text:
The gold colored nodes represent technologies that you have already finished researching. You have just finished researching Pottery, so it has been marked as complete.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_49_BODY
Text:
The dark grey nodes represent technologies that are available to begin researching, but are not complete.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_50_BODY
Text:
Light grey nodes represent technologies that are not yet available to begin researching. These technologies need to first be unlocked by researching one or more prerequisite technologies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_51a_BODY
Text:
Since we have already researched Pottery, we are now able to begin research on the Writing technology.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_52_BODY
Text:
Notice the Writing technology node status has changed, indicating that it is currently being researched. The number of turns required to finish research on a technology is indicated in the upper right corner of the node.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_53A_BODY
Text:
The symbols displayed inside the technology node represent new units, buildings, wonders and abilities that are unlocked by the technology once it is completed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_53B_BODY
Text:
For example, once you have finished researching the Writing technology, you will be able to construct the Campus district as well as the Library building in all of your cities. The Campus and Library allow you to increase the amount of [ICON_Science] Science you generate each turn, allowing you to research technologies faster!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_54_BODY
Text:
Since you're done designating new research, we can close the Technology Tree by clicking the X button in the upper right corner.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_56_BODY
Text:
In choosing a location to settle a new city, it is important to look at the fertility of the surrounding land. Proximity to sources of [ICON_Food] Food, resources, and fresh water are all very important. For this tutorial we have already found an ideal location for you.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_57_BODY
Text:
When your Settler unit is able, click the Found City button to create a new city here. This may require moving on to the next turn if your Settler is out of [ICON_Movement] Movement points.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_58_BODY
Text:
To win a game of Civilization, as a player you need to defeat all other civilizations in the world. There are multiple ways to achieve this. You can conquer their cities militarily, bringing them into your civilization. You can also win technologically, or through cultural or religious dominance.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_59_BODY
Text:
On the path to victory, there are fundamental strategies to assist you in building your civilization.[NEWLINE]---[NEWLINE]For this tutorial, we have provided four goals for you to achieve. Complete all four and you can complete the tutorial. However, in order to WIN the tutorial, you need to complete the fifth goal.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_61_BODY
Text:
Congratulations![NEWLINE]---[NEWLINE]You have completed the fundamentals of growing and maintaining a civilization that will stand the test of time. You can finish the tutorial, or you can keep playing and win this game by eliminating the rival civ.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_63_BODY
Text:
In this tutorial you are playing on a small map with a single rival civilization. A standard game of Civilization presents a larger map of the world, with several rival civilizations, all competing to win. The task is larger, but the goals remain the same.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_62_BODY
Text:
To win this game, you must conquer all the rival civilization’s city(s) with your military.[NEWLINE]---[NEWLINE]Good luck!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_76_BODY
Text:
Open the Production Chooser of your first city by clicking the production button on the City Banner.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_77_BODY
Text:
In Civilization VI, there are many types of districts that can be built in your cities, each with a specific purpose.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_78_BODY
Text:
By completing research on Writing, you are now able to construct a Campus district in your city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]The Campus district is dedicated to increasing the amount of [ICON_Science] Science generated by the city that contains it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_79_BODY
Text:
Many districts in the game also get a bonus depending on where they are placed within the city. The Campus gets a bonus when built next to Mountains or Jungles.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_82_BODY
Text:
This plot has Mountains on two of its edges, each providing +1 [ICON_Science] Science per turn. Placing the Campus here would be ideal.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_84_BODY
Text:
Since you have finished the Writing technology, you now must choose what to research next. If you would like a suggestion, Animal Husbandry and Bronze Working are both good choices.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_85_BODY
Text:
Animal Husbandry will allow you to build the Pasture and Camp improvements in your cities.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Bronze Working will help you militarily by unlocking the Encampment district, as well as allow you to train Spearmen.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_86_BODY
Text:
Some buildings can only be constructed in districts. The Library is a building exclusive to the Campus district. Since we have completed construction on the Campus, we are now able to build a Library on it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_88_BODY
Text:
Congratulations!![NEWLINE]You have won your first game of Civilization.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]You are now ready to take on much larger challenges and objectives, explore new worlds, meet new civilizations for the first time, and achieve victory on your terms.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_89_BODY
Text:
When engaged in a war with another civilization, it is best to have a sufficient number of combat units, both to defend your cities as well as fight abroad.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_90_BODY
Text:
Sometimes it is necessary to suspend production on a building or district in order to train units to fight the war. To do this, simply change the current production task of the city to the combat unit you wish to create.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_91_BODY
Text:
When you are satisfied with the size of your military, you can resume production on what was being built previously without losing the progress you made on it.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_92_BODY
Text:
Engaging in diplomatic relations with other civilizations can be very lucrative. Of course, relations can also go sour. How you interact with other leaders is your choice. Just remember, in the path to victory, you cannot always be everyone’s friend.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_93a_BODY
Text:
By accumulating [ICON_Culture] Culture, you have just unlocked Code of Laws, which contains your first government: Chiefdom.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_94_BODY
Text:
There are many types of governments in Civilization VI. In addition to various benefits, each government has a number of slots in which you can enact policies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_95a_BODY
Text:
The first government available to you is Chiefdom. It has 2 available slots for policies. The first slot in Chiefdom is for Military policies. The second is for Economic policies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_96_BODY
Text:
To slot a policy, click and drag the policy from the right to the appropriate slot in your government on the left.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Try that now by adding the Discipline policy to the Military slot, then add the Urban Planning policy to the Economic slot. Click the Confirm Policies button when you are done.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_97_BODY
Text:
By enacting these policies, your military units will now get a +5 [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength bonus when fighting against Barbarians. Also, your cities receive +1 [ICON_Production] Production per turn, allowing them to train units and construct buildings faster than before.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_98_BODY
Text:
Much in the same way you research new technologies by generating [ICON_Science] Science in your cities, you unlock civics by generating [ICON_Culture] Culture.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]You have already unlocked the Code of Laws civic which enabled you to establish your first government.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_100_BODY
Text:
Similar to the Technology Tree, the Civics Tree has different choices and paths as you progress through the game.[NEWLINE]For this tutorial, click the Craftsmanship civic to start advancing next.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_103_BODY
Text:
The city is the cornerstone of any great civilization. A city’s size is represented by its [ICON_Citizen] Population, indicated to the left of its nameplate.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_103_OTHER_BODY
Text:
A Slinger unit has finished training in your capital. Slingers are ranged class units, allowing them to attack from distance without engaging in melee combat. This keeps them from taking reciprocal damage during the attack.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_104_BODY
Text:
Each city also claims the surrounding lands for your exclusive control. These lands are indicated by the colored border surrounding the city. The unique features within your borders will have a profound influence on the potential strengths of each city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_104_OTHER_BODY
Text:
Ranged units also tend to have lower defense strength than their melee fighting counterparts, so it is best to keep them close to friendly units of other types for protection.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_105_BODY
Text:
You must choose how each city in your civilization is to grow and expand over time, improving the land you control and creating new buildings and districts within your borders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_105_OTHER_BODY
Text:
As you progress through the game and research new technologies, you will unlock better, stronger, and more advanced units. Building a strong and diverse fighting force is essential in competing against other civilizations, and preserving the safety of your people.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_POTTERY_COMPLETE
Text:
In addition to [ICON_Food] Food, your people also require [ICON_Amenities] Amenities in their cities. One source of [ICON_Amenities] Amenities are Luxury resources, such as this [ICON_Resource_Coffee] Coffee next to your [ICON_Capital] Capital. With the Pottery technology complete, it would be a good idea to research Irrigation to enable your Builders to improve Luxury resources, such as the [ICON_Resource_Coffee] Coffee next to our [ICON_Capital] Capital. This will provide [ICON_Amenities] Amenities to our city, increasing its happiness.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_106_BODY
Text:
Each city generates a variety of yields at the start of every turn. These are obtained from the hexes that the city controls.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_107_BODY
Text:
Each hex within your city borders can provide a number of yields to help you advance your civilization. [ICON_Food] Food and [ICON_Production] Production are two of these yields.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE] [ICON_Food] Food fuels city growth, increasing its [ICON_Citizen] Population. More [ICON_Food] Food, faster growth.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]  [ICON_Production] Production is used to build new items, like military units and city upgrades. The more [ICON_Production] Production your city has, the faster you can build things.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_108_BODY
Text:
However, each hex will need to be worked by your [ICON_Citizen] Population in order to obtain the yield from that hex.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Each [ICON_Citizen] Citizen can work 1 hex within your borders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_109_BODY
Text:
Growing your city’s [ICON_Citizen] Population is very important in order to take advantage of all the yields from the surrounding lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_110_BODY
Text:
It is now up to you to decide what you would like to produce in this city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Suggestions:[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]- Train a Builder to improve more of the surrounding lands within your borders.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]- Train a combat unit to expand the size and strength of your military.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]-Build a Granary to provide additional [ICON_Food] Food for your city as well as more [ICON_Housing] Housing for your [ICON_Citizen] Population.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_53_BODY
Text:
The symbols displayed inside the technology node represent new units, buildings, wonders, and abilities that are unlocked by the technology once it is completed. For example, once you have finished researching the Pottery technology, you will be able to construct the Granary building in all of your cities. Your Builders will also gain the ability to harvest Wheat resources near your city. While harvesting a Wheat resource gives you a large amount of [ICON_Food] Food, that resource is removed from the map. In most cases, it is better to nurture a Wheat resource by building a Farm improvement on it instead.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_167_BODY
Text:
The technological advancement of your people is attained through research.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]By completing research on technologies you will unlock new ways to exploit the land, new military units, new city upgrades, and much more.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_111_BODY
Text:
Just as building new units is fueled by [ICON_Production] Production, researching new technologies is fueled by [ICON_Science] Science.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_112_BODY
Text:
Each city in your empire generates a small amount of [ICON_Science] Science per turn. How quickly your research projects are completed is determined by the total of all the [ICON_Science] Science generated by your cities. [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]The more [ICON_Science] Science you generate, the faster you research new technologies.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_113_BODY
Text:
For the purposes of this tutorial, we have ‘rushed’ the production of this unit. Normally, the production would have taken several more turns to complete.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_META_114_BODY
Text:
All Tribal Villages will grant a reward when explored by a player. This Tribal Village has granted you a new Scout unit, which has appeared in your city.


Language: en_US
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Your civilization will always be researching a technology. Because you just completed Mining, you must now choose what to research next before you can progress to the next turn.


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To win a game of Civilization, you need to defeat all other civilizations in the world. There are multiple ways to achieve this. Most games will also end in the year 2050 or after a set number of turns. If no player has achieved these Victories by then, score will determine the winner. Score is calculated as a general measure of each player’s achievements in all fields of endeavor.


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The status of each Victory’s conditions are tracked on the World Rankings panel. [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Open it now.


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The Overall tab gives you an overview of all types of Victory and your ranking against other players


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The other tabs give you more specific detail about each set of rankings. [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Close the panel when you are ready to proceed.


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The rest of this tutorial will help you to achieve your first Domination Victory.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]The goal of a Domination Victory is for your civilization to be the last to occupy its own [ICON_Capital] Capital city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]For this tutorial, that means you will have to use your military to capture the [ICON_Capital] Capital city of your rival, while preventing them from taking yours.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]How you ultimately achieve this will be up to you. However, we have provided three optional objectives that, if completed, will greatly assist you in achieving this.


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If you are unsure about something, or are looking for more information about anything you’ve seen in this tutorial, there’s a good chance you’ll find it in the Civilopedia.


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Districts are specific areas of your city dedicated to providing a specific yield. Buildings can be constructed in districts to increase that yield while also providing other benefits for your city.


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For example, you have unlocked the {DISTRICT_TYPE} district which is dedicated to providing {YIELD_TYPE} to your civilization. Constructing a {DISTRICT_BUILDING} building in this district increases the {YIELD_TYPE} yield for your civilization.


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To zone a district, select it in your city’s production menu as you would a building or a unit. Some districts have rules of where they can be placed, but even more important is that districts can have an even greater benefit if placed in an optimal location.


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When you are ready to zone a district, the game will assist you in choosing the best location. Sometimes you might not have a valid spot in your city to place a new district right away. The location may have to be cleared of obstructions, or all of your existing city plots may already have improvements.


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Expanding the size of your city is one way to gain more locations for districts, as well as improvements.


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Your Majesty, if I may… Although our scientists would be willing to explore other topics of research, I feel it is best to not distract them until they have completed their current project unless absolutely necessary.


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Any research progress on a technology is not lost, so there are cases where changing your research focus is strategically valid. However, it is always better to have a completed technology rather than many incomplete ones.


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Any production progress on an item in the queue is not lost, so there are cases where changing your city’s production focus is strategically valid. However, it is often best to finish what you have started before starting something new.


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You might have noticed that your Builder unit disappeared after using its last build ‘charge’. This is because all of its workforce has been expended. You will need to train more Builders as you progress through the game to improve the lands around your cities.


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Scouts, unlike other military units, gain experience from exploring Tribal Villages. They can also gain experience from discovering natural wonders in the world.


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You may have noticed that your cities have been generating a small amount of [ICON_Faith] Faith each turn.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE][ICON_Faith] Faith is earned over time by certain buildings, districts, and policies.


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Now that you’ve earned enough [ICON_Faith] Faith, you are able to take the first step towards founding a Religion by forming a Pantheon, which will provide you with a choice of strategic benefits.


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There are many Pantheons to choose from with different gameplay effects. Once one is chosen by a player, it is removed from the list of available Pantheons and is exclusive to that player’s religion for the duration of the game. Choose wisely!


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Well done! The next step is to attract a Great Prophet, who will be able to found a Religion. But first, you will need to build a Holy Site district, or enact an appropriate government policy, both of which will earn you Great Prophet Points.


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There are a limited number of opportunities to found a Religion. Doing so is optional, but keep in mind that if you do not, you may not have an effective counter against a player who is seeking a Religious Victory by converting your [ICON_Citizen] Citizens.


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Your [ICON_GreatProphet] Great Prophet has founded a new Religion, and you must customize it by selecting a name, symbol, and selecting two additional religious beliefs that will complement the Pantheon belief you selected previously.


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Your new Religion can spread between cities, converting its [ICON_Citizen] Citizens into followers. It is possible for a city to have a mix of several Religions. The Religion with the majority of followers in a city will be the one that imparts its bonuses.


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While Religion will slowly spread from city to city organically, you can cause sudden shifts by training Missionary and Apostle units and sending them out to spread your people’s Religion. These units can be obtained by spending [ICON_Faith] Faith to buy them in the Purchase tab of a city’s Production Menu.


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Aggressively spreading your Religion is essential if you are targeting a Religious Victory. Even if you are not, it is wise to keep track of how Religion is spreading around the world. Counter it where possible to mitigate the chances of another player claiming Victory this way.


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You have gained the opportunity to claim a [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person for your civilization. [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People provide significant benefits to your civilization based on their field. There are many types of [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People, including artists, engineers, and military leaders.


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This is the [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People panel. It shows all the [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People that are currently available for civilizations to claim, their benefits, and their costs.


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Each [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person has one or more opportunities to activate a special bonus. They will appear as a unit in one of your cities and you must Activate their bonus at a special location on the map. Once they have used all their bonuses, the [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person will disappear.


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A [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person is earned by saving up enough [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People Points of its type, then spending them to recruit the [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person to your civilization. These points come primarily from districts and buildings, but can also come from policies and other effects. If you are in a rush, you can spend [ICON_Gold] Gold or [ICON_Faith] Faith to instantly earn the [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person you want.


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You can choose to pass on a [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person that you don’t want. If you do this, then other players will have the opportunity to claim them, and your choice to pass is not reversible. However, your [ICON_GreatPerson] Great People Points will be saved for a future opportunity.


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You’ve just completed a Trader unit. Traders travel between two cities and generate income for their city of origin.


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Your civilization can establish a limited number of [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes. You can expand this capacity with Commercial Hub or Harbor districts.


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There are no other cities to trade with right now. Continue to explore the map, or build a Settler and found a new city of your own.


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This is the Trade Panel, showing the cities that you can trade with currently. Traders have a limited range, but visiting nearby cities will establish a Trading Post there, allowing them to be used as a bridge to farther destinations.


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Depending on the buildings and districts within a foreign destination, you stand to earn yields of [ICON_Science] Science, [ICON_Faith] Faith, [ICON_Culture] Culture, or [ICON_Gold] Gold each turn for a set number of turns. For domestic destinations, you can earn [ICON_Food] Food and [ICON_Production] Production.


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This Trader will now travel to the destination and back, generating the relevant yields each turn. Once it has returned, you can choose a new route.


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The Trader will also build a Road between the cities as it goes. Units travelling a road generally suffer no terrain [ICON_Movement] Movement penalties.


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You have discovered a nearby city-state. These are mini-civilizations that are similar in some ways to another player, but they can only ever have a single city and cannot win the game. By working with your city-state neighbors, you can build lucrative relationships and even gain their support in war.


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You can also choose to forcefully assimilate their cities into your empire or raze them to the ground – but they are far more formidable than Barbarians to defeat, and you risk alienating their other allies.


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This is the city-state panel. You can earn Envoys and dispatch them to a city-state. Doing this can earn you progressively better buffs to [ICON_Science] Science, [ICON_Culture] Culture, [ICON_Production] Production, [ICON_Gold] Gold, or [ICON_Faith] Faith. Click the name of a city-state in the list.


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These are the Quests you can complete for this city-state. This is one way to earn Envoys and improve your friendship with it. You can also earn Envoys by completing certain items in the Civics Tree, and over time through governments and policies.


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Your unit is getting close to an enemy city. Attacking cities is usually a difficult and potentially costly undertaking that requires a mix of unit types and a tactical approach.


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The city’s defense rating and health bar is shown on its Name Plate. This city has Walls. It will be able to launch a ranged attack from 2 hexes away, and will be highly resistant to melee units.


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Certain siege units can improve your chances. Catapults can attack from range and do significant damage to Walls, while the Battering Ram or Siege Tower allows melee units to attack Walls or bypass them, respectively.


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You have met the leader of another civilization. In Civilization VI, there will typically be several other civilizations sharing the world map with you. These are controlled by the game AI, and have all the same abilities – and ambitions – that you do.


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As you play, you will need to consider how to deal with your neighbors and watch them carefully to improve your understanding of their strategy.


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Leaders of civilizations you have met in the game will appear here. The leader icon on the far right represents your civilization. All other leaders will be listed to next to yours.


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When you contact another leader, you can take a variety of actions, like exchanging goods, negotiating political treaties, making demands, or declaring war.


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You can send a Delegation to improve your ties and expose more information about their [ICON_Capital] Capital city.


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Denouncing a rival notifies all other civilizations that you have a bone to pick. This paves the way to war. If you do not make your feelings known, the war you declare will be a Surprise War, inflicting a lasting “Warmonger” reputation on you that may color future dealings with other leaders.


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You can also negotiate deals with a leader. This can include trading commodities or political deals like Open Borders or Joint War. Alternatively, you can demand that they deal with you. This will sour your relationship, but they may acquiesce if they are weak or wish to avoid war.


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What you know about this leader is summarized here. Be mindful of their Agendas. If you act in opposition to their Agendas, your relationship with them may sour and potentially lead to conflict.


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Improving your Access Level to this civilization will expose more detailed information about them, and you’ll be notified when they take certain actions. It's a good idea to improve this as much as possible with the leaders you encounter, or you will be in the dark as to their strategy.


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This section explains what the leader thinks about you, and why. If you wish to improve (or sour) your relationship, you’ll find some suggestions here. It may not be possible to avoid doing something that annoys them from time to time, so it can be useful to know how to balance the books.


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Diplomacy will become increasingly important as you progress through history. Who your neighbors are and want they want will have a lasting impact on the development of your civilization – and will almost certainly present obstacles in your path to victory.


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A City-State is a small civilization that cannot win the game. Establishing good diplomatic relations with them can be very lucrative. This is done by sending Envoys to the City State.


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Trader units can be trained in one of your cities. In addition to providing additional [ICON_Gold] Gold and other benefits to your civilization, [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes are essential for building roads between cities.


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Welcome Cleopatra. Our people's fate lies in your hands. Great is the responsibility placed upon you. Perhaps I may be of service.


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Welcome Gilgamesh. Our people's fate lies in your hands. Great is the responsibility placed upon you. Perhaps I may be of service.


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For too long we have roamed this world without a land to call our own. It is time we put down roots.


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From the seeds of this small city shall you grow an empire.  But to truly thrive we must first see to the needs of our people.


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The lands before us offer untold riches and dangers.  You must consider that carefully when choosing their final destination.


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Though small now, our city will continue to grow if you allow it to.  Its fate and that of our people depend upon you.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_37a
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We are fortunate that the land surrounding our city is rich in resources.  Developing it will be key to our survival...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_38
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We are blessed to have such bountiful lands within our borders. Still, a civilization is comprised of people, not just earth.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_46_ALT
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Such lands will surely draw the attention of the Barbarian raiders plaguing this area. We must prepare to fight back if we are to survive.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_51a
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If our people are to survive in these lands, we must focus their efforts. Only then can we master this world.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_7ALT
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Our Warriors continue to train. But if we are to be more than the Barbarian tribes we defend against, we must explore other areas of development.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_71
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There are those among us with minds adept at unlocking the world's secrets. We need only guide them.


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Excellent. As our people's understanding of the earth increases so too will our ability to harness its riches and increase our production capabilities. We must give them time to do their work.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_92
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We cannot allow these savages to pillage and destroy all we have built. Our Warriors have completed their training. Let us commit them to battle!


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Warriors are the blade with which we will strike down our enemy. They need only your hand to guide them.


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Victory! The Barbarians have learned we are not a people to be trifled with. Still, they will return, and next time I fear they will not take us so lightly.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_12ALT
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We should take advantage of this lull in hostilities. With our Warriors now prepared, we may focus our production capabilities towards the city itself.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_13ALT
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The lands surrounding our city are fertile. Yet as of now they lie undeveloped. We must create a workforce if we are to make the most of the resources within our borders.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_14_ALT
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While our Builders train to improve life within our borders, we must not ignore the lands beyond them. The only way to truly master this world is to understand it.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_15ALT
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Beyond combat, our Warriors make for ideal explorers in this uncertain and hostile world.  You need only give the word and they shall set forth into the unknown.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_154
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This people seem different from the Barbarian tribes we encountered. Perhaps we should make contact instead of combat.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_16_ALT
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It would seem friendship has its rewards. Our success against the Barbarians has reached this village. Impressed by our culture, they wish to rise up against their oppressors and join us in the fight against the horde.


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Though not skilled in the ways of combat, this tribe possess a great knowledge of the land. Their ability to move through the terrain quickly makes them ideal Scouts. We should put them to good use.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_171
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There may be other like-minded settlements in the lands ahead.  We would be wise to seek them out in the future...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_18_ALT
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We should employ these Scouts with caution. They are excellent explorers but poor warriors. It would be wise for them to avoid battle whenever possible.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_21_ALT
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Exploration may bring many rewards, but let us not forget the safety of our Capital.  We should direct our Warriors home for its protection.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_231
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Our people are hard at work fulfilling your orders.  Let us take this time to further advance our Scouts.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_26_ALT
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Our citizens rejoice at the return of our brave Warriors. Perhaps they should fortify their position to defend against the Barbarian threat.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_261
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Excellent, with our Warriors entrenched in their positions our people are secure.  It would be wise to maintain this advantage for as long as possible.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_24_ALT
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While our forces prepare the defense of our city, our best minds have discovered how to extract precious resources from the earth itself. With an abundance of valuable Stone nearby, our Builders may be able to exploit this knowledge when they complete their training.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_241
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Our people delight in the pursuit of knowledge.  We need only direct their efforts and they shall uncover yet another mystery of this world.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_242
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A wise decision. Our people may now uncover new uses for the materials we unearth in our Mines and Quarries.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_243
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But let us not forget the exploration efforts of our Scouts.  There is a whole world before us to uncover.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_19_ALT
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As our Scouts continue to push onwards let us turn inwards to our own Capital. As our city grows, so too does our people's hunger...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_191
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Our Builders now stand ready. Constructing a Farm on fertile lands within our city will increase our yield and better feed our people.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_194
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But remember, our Builders' strength is not infinite. We would be wise to make the best use of their talents before exhausting them.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_20_ALT
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With their basic needs met, our people now have the capability to construct more elaborate structures. Perhaps a Monument to all they have accomplished will inspire them to evolve even further...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_201
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Excellent, as pride in their own culture grows our people shall be driven to spread our civilization beyond their own borders.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_204
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Now that our people are fed, let us turn our Builder's attention elsewhere.  There are valuable resources surrounding our city that have yet to be exploited.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_27_ALT
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We are blessed. This Monument stands as symbol of the accomplishments and determination of our people.  Truly they shall now be inspired to push even further into the lands beyond.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_28_ALT
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Perhaps we are now ready to spread our civilization beyond our Capital city. If we do not claim the surrounding territory, others surely will.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_29_ALT
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Excellent, these brave Settlers are ready to carry our culture into the unknown. However, it will take some time before they are prepared for the journey that awaits them.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_292
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There are reports of dangerous raiders roaming the lands nearby.  It would be best to keep these Warriors here, seeing to the safety of our Capital.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_30_ALT
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Our Settlers have finished preparations and await your command. However, the lands before them possess untold dangers.  We must not allow them to go forth without protection...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_31_ALT
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Though our Settlers are safe under the protection of our Warriors, our Capital is now defenseless. Without the protection of the military we will most surely become overrun by our enemies.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_311
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Though our Warriors are valiant a proper fighting force must be diversified.  Slingers provide a different style of combat.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_312
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With knowledge comes opportunity. As our people's understanding of this world grows, new paths present themselves to us...


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_33_ALT
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Location is critical in founding a new settlement.  We are fortunate to have  discovered such an ideal place.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_332
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Well done. Our civilization continues to spread beyond expectation.  In time it may rival even our own Capital.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_35_ALT
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We have reports of another civilization growing on this continent. It seems we are not the only people competing for control of these lands.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_2_ALT
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It would seem we have finally tracked the Barbarian raiders plaguing these lands to their source. We must destroy this stronghold or risk future attacks.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_3_ALT
Text:
Still might I advise caution. Though primitive and savage, these Barbarians are fierce warriors and their camp is heavily defended.  To ensure victory we must attack with overwhelming force.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_5_ALT
Text:
Although our scientists would be willing to explore other topics of research, perhaps it is not wise to  distract them from their current work unless absolutely necessary.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_6_ALT
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The task at hand is of critical importance. Might I advise patience in this matter. We should allow our people to continue their work if at all possible.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_8_ALT2
Text:
A good city can become a great city through careful planning. Deciding where to place a city district is an important decision. Be sure to pick a location best suited for the district to reap the most benefit.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_39_ALT
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With Writing we unify our people.  A common written language allows ideas to flourish and our collective knowledge to grow. Were we to provide a place to collect and share this knowledge our people would surely prosper...


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_391
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By concentrating like minds and resources into districts we specialize the growth of our city. We must choose the location of these districts carefully in order to reap the most benefit.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_41_ALT
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Our greatest scholars and scientists already begin to gather at our Campus. Providing them with a Library would further assist them in their pursuits.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_END_SCRIPTED_ALT
Text:
Our people have prospered under your guidance.  Truly our civilization has no equal.  Perhaps now is the time for you to prove this to be true.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_END_SCRIPTED_2
Text:
The task before us is great, but under your leadership we shall not fail.  As always I stand ready at your side should you require any assistance along the way.  May our civilization truly stand forever.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_END_SCRIPTED_3
Text:
We are victorious! You are now ready to take on bigger challenges, explore new worlds, meet new civilizations, and to achieve victory on your own terms.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_42_ALT
Text:
Resources and land are not infinite. It seems we now have competition.  As we do not yet know the true intention of this people, might I suggest we proceed with caution.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_43_ALT
Text:
War is upon us!  Our people are in danger.  We must mobilize an army immediately or risk being conquered.  There is no time for delay!


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_44_ALT
Text:
Our people truly thrive under your guidance. But as our civilization grows so too must our leadership.


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Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_45_ALT
Text:
Discipline is the heart of any army and is a valuable advantage over the unorganized Barbarian rabble. Urban planning will only make our cities more organized and efficient. I suggest we enact both these policies.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_453
Text:
Though our policies begin to bear fruit our civilization will only continue to grow.  We must plan for the future...


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_48
Text:
Our people have looked to the heavens, and begun to wonder if our fortunes may be guided by the hands of a greater power. Who are these great gods, and what blessings might they bestow upon us?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_50_ALT
Text:
Your inspiration is contagious.  Though our civilization achieves greatness under your leadership, one amongst our people truly shines above all others. Under your guidance shall their impact truly reverberate throughout history.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_51_ALT
Text:
Isolation is not the key to prosperity. These traders allow us to reach out to our neighbors. Through trade, we stand to boost our economy, and gain new insights into the mysteries of the world.


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_52_ALT
Text:
We have made contact with people more advanced than the Tribal Villagers who have aided us in the past. Should we extend the hand of friendship or look to conquer them?


Language: en_US
Tag: ADVISOR_LINE_FTUE_WONDER_73
Text:
The beauty and majesty of this world is sometimes enough to inspire our people to new directions of thought. This was a fortunate discovery...


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_RULESET_TEASER
Text:
Expand your horizons and get civilized in this exploration and culture-based scenario set in the Ancient Era.  Lasts 50 Turns.[NEWLINE]Victory Conditions[NEWLINE]At the turn limit, victory is awarded to the player with the most of the following conditions. Ties are resolved based on score.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Cultured - Research the most civics.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Explorer - Reveal the most hexes on the map.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Ancient Raider - Pillage the most hexes.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Wonder of the Ancient World - Possess the most wonders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_VICTORY_DESC
Text:
At the turn limit, victory is awarded to the player with the most of the following conditions. Ties are resolved based on score.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Cultured - Research the most civics.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Explorer - Reveal the most hexes on the map.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Ancient Raider - Pillage the most hexes.[NEWLINE][ICON_Bullet]Wonder of the Ancient World - Possess the most wonders.[NEWLINE]


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_VICTORY_WIN_BLURB
Text:
Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world. - Archimedes


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_MOD_TEASER
Text:
Expand your horizons and get civilized in this exploration and culture-based scenario set in the Ancient Era.  Lasts 50 Turns.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_ANCIENT_RIVALS_MOD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Victory Conditions[NEWLINE]At the turn limit, victory is awarded to the player with the most of the following conditions. Ties are resolved based on score.[NEWLINE]Cultured - Research the most civics.[NEWLINE]Explorer - Reveal the most hexes on the map.[NEWLINE]Ancient Raider - Pillage the most hexes.[NEWLINE]Wonder of the Ancient World - Possess the most wonders.[NEWLINE]


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_VICTORY_ANCIENT_RIVALS_PLAYER_HAS_MOST_ANCIENT_RIVALS_POINTS_PROGRESS
Text:
Victory Points {VictoryPoints} {VictoryStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]Hexes Explored {HexesExplored} {ExploredStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]Tiles Pillaged {TilesPillaged} {PillagedStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]Civics Completed {CivicsCompleted} {CivicsStatusIcon}[NEWLINE]Wonders Possessed {WondersPossessed} {WondersStatusIcon}


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_MOD_AUSTRALIA_SCENARIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
In this 60 turn scenario, you race to explore Australia, find its natural resources, and use them to enrich your colony. This competitive economic scenario has no combat. It emphasizes exploration and territorial expansion to increase your Gold Per Turn net income, which is your score.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Single-player: Each difficulty has a Gold Per Turn threshold. Exceed that number before the end of the game to win.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Multiplayer: The player with the highest Gold Per Turn at end of the game is the winner.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_LEADER_GIFTS_FOR_TLATOANI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Luxury resources in his territory provide an [ICON_Amenities] Amenity to 2 extra cities. Military units receive +1 [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength when attacking for each different Luxury resource improved in Aztec lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_UNIT_AZTEC_EAGLE_WARRIOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Aztec unique Ancient era unit that replaces the Warrior.  Has a chance to capture other civilization's military units by turning them into Builders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TLACHTLI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to the Aztecs. Provides 2 [ICON_Amenities] Amenities, +1 [ICON_Culture] Culture, +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith, and a [ICON_GreatGeneral] Great General Point.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TLACHTLI_XP1_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to the Aztecs. Provides 2 [ICON_Amenities] Amenities, +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture, +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith, and a [ICON_GreatGeneral] Great General Point. Provides +1 [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism after advancing to the Conservation Civic.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_LOADING_INFO_LEADER_MONTEZUMA
Text:
Tlatoani Montezuma, keep your eagle warriors happy and fed, and they will forever fight for your cause. As your Aztec empire unfurls across the land, you will never want for people to raise your walls, for you will be blessed with new, loyal workers as you conquer those around you. Go forth; Huitzilopochtli calls.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
When Hernando Cortes and his band of ne’er-do-wells arrived, the Aztec Empire was still in its childhood, having come into existence (more-or-less) around 1428 AD. Although the Excan Tlahtoloyan (Aztec Empire) lasted only one hundred years, it was an eventful one hundred years.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
In the beginning... there were a number of small altepetl (city-states) scattered about the Valley of Mexico along the banks of the conjoined lakes Zumpango, Xaltocan, Texcoco, Xochimilco, and Chalco. The region had abundant rainfall and a temperate climate, and the land was fertile. So the Nahua (also known as the Mexihcati) peoples sought to settle there, having migrated south from Aztlan (the “White Land” – hence, “Aztecs”) sometime around 1250.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Unfortunately, several other tribes were already there, notably the Azcapotzalco and the Culhuacan. The mighty Azcapotzalco in 1325 gave the wandering Aztecs permission to settle on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where they founded their city Tenochtitlan; according to legend, the site was chosen because a priest man saw an eagle nesting in a nopal cactus - a sign that this was the chosen location. Yet Tenochtitlan was perfectly situated to grow – easily defended (being on an island), with plentiful water and fishing, and nearby sources of building materials. It seems the Aztecs were content to pay tribute to the Azcapotzalcos to be left alone … for the time being.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
The Aztecs remained subject to the Azcapotzalcos for a century. Meanwhile another nearby altepetl was getting restless. The Alcohua city-state of Texcoco, situated at the southern end of the lake basin grew rich on trade, to the point where it challenged the Azcapotzalcos for dominance. In the ensuing war, Tenochtitlan remained true to the Azcapotzalcos and played a vital role in the conquest of Texcoco. As a result, the Aztecs were rewarded for their loyalty by receiving the defeated city as a tributary province.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_5
Text:
Things were pleasant enough until the Azcapotzalco king Tezozomoc died suddenly in 1426. In the ensuing brief civil war, the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan supported the old king’s preferred heir, one Tayahuah – not the best choice as it turned out. His brother Maxtla won, and promptly set about punishing those who had backed Tayahuah. In the midst of this the Aztec king died under suspicious circumstances, likely assassinated on Maxtla’s orders. But the new king Itzcoatl remained defiant, and so Maxtla surrounded the city, blockaded the island, and demanded total surrender.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_6
Text:
Simultaneously, Maztla turned on the Alcohua in Texcoco, for whom he had no great love either. The Texcoco ruler Nezahualcoyotl fled into exile and made his way to join Itzcoatl. And the dissident Azcapotzalco city Tlacopan threw its support to Itzcoatl. Thus was formed the famed Triple Alliance: three city-states with a common goal, the overthrow of Maxtla, which was accomplished by the end of 1427. Having smashed the Azcapotzalco completely, the three kings agreed to live “in accord.” Their first act was to divvy up the lands of the defeated; somehow Tenochtitlan got the lion’s share. So pleased were they all by this success that the three cities formalized their alliance. Under its provisions, all tribute was to be divided, and all three would participate in future wars of conquest with all sharing the spoils. The kings each took the title huetlatoani (“elder speaker”) in rotation, in effect serving as emperor of the allied realm.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_7
Text:
Over the next century, under a series of able elder speakers, the Aztec Alliance would thrive, mainly by stomping on its neighbors until it reached from the Atlantic to the Pacific across Mesoamerica. In fact, this “empire” existed in a near-constant state of war, either for social or perhaps religious necessity. In the Aztec Weltanschaung (to mix tongues), death was instrumental to the perpetuation of life, and in the natural order of things both gods and humans had to sacrifice to keep creation in balance. And blood – human, as animal blood didn’t seem to work – kept the sun from falling. Since the citizens weren’t keen on being the ones to bleed, it was natural to use the lesser folk – prisoners (hence the need for lots of combat), slaves, servants, and the poor. The scale of the sacrifices was staggering; at the dedication of the Templo Mayor (Great Pyramid) in Tenochtitlan in 1487 for instance, historians have estimated between 10 and 80 thousand were killed, usually by beheading.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_8
Text:
When the Aztecs weren’t celebrating with bloody rituals, they developed a culture and science unmatched in the Americas. For instance, the sophisticated Aztec calendar was the equal to any evolved in Europe or Asia. The tonalpohualli (“day count”) consisted of a 260-day cycle, each day signified by a number one through thirteen and one of 20 day signs; the xiuhpohualli or “year count” divided the year in 18 periods of 20 days each. Thus, a year consisted of 360 named days and five unnamed ones; these unnamed days were thought unlucky (certainly for those who got sacrificed on them to counter the bad karma). It is thought that this calendar arose from their intense study of the heavens, for they developed astronomy to an art form. And the Aztecs wrote it all down on amate, a bark paper, in their distinctive ideographic system.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_9
Text:
When Itzcoatl passed away in 1440, he was replaced by his nephew Montezuma (the first, not to be confused with the less-able second). Montezuma’s older half-brother, Tlacaelel, was made Cihuacoatl, roughly the equivalent of a European prime minister. The two then proceeded to make Tenochtitlan the dominant partner in the alliance, in effect formalizing an Aztec Empire. Montezuma handled the conquering part – overrunning the Huastecs, the Totonacs, the Mixtecs, the Cosamaloapans, the Orizabas and the Cotaxtlas. Tlacaelel handled reshaping the Aztec civilization to his own vision.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_10
Text:
While Montezuma was busy waging war, Tlacaelel literally rewrote the Aztec past and future, according to some sources ordering the burning of hundreds of texts because of “historical inaccuracies.” Under Tlacaelel, the revamped Aztec religion held that the Aztecs were a chosen people, destined to be above all others. Tlacaelel also emphasized the importance of militarism and ritual sacrifice in the “new” Aztec theology. And he oversaw the construction of a host of temples and religious buildings, including the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlan, consecrated (with a lot of sacrifices) to the newly paramount deity Huitzilopochtli.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_11
Text:
The Aztecs thrived under the brothers for three decades. With Montezuma, the empire spanned a hundred thousand square miles, and about five million subjects were subject to its rule. With Tlacaelel, the subject tribes were largely left to their own devices, so long as the requisite tribute (which included sacrificial donations of course) and military forces were supplied on demand. Tenochtitlan became the center of a great trading network, and Aztec merchants happily did business with allies and enemies alike. Lacking any currency, trade was based upon barter. Possessing no draft animals or wheeled conveyances, Tlacaelel oversaw the construction of an extensive road system designed for foot traffic, since everything had to be carried from one place to another by humans. The roads were in constant use, guarded by the Aztec military, making them safe enough for even women to travel alone. He also had government-funded telpochcalli (schools) built in every neighborhood where boys received religious instruction and military training.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_12
Text:
Montezuma I passed away in 1468 AD and was succeeded by his son Axayacatl, who spent his 13 years consolidating his father’s conquests, putting down various rebellions and fending off the uppity Tarascan Empire. (Tlacaelel died in 1487, much to the relief of many, no doubt.) When Axayacatl died, he was replaced by his brother, the monumentally incompetent Tizoc, who was assassinated by his nobles after just five years. He was followed by another brother – Ahuitzotl – in 1486, who proved better; he conquered the city-state of Otzoma, whose population disappeared (either killed or sacrificed en masse), and began building a line of fortresses along several contested borderlands. Ahuitzotl died in the Year 10 Rabbit (to make use of the convoluted Aztec calendar). His nephew, Montezuma II, was elevated to the throne.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_13
Text:
The new Montezuma’s reign started out inauspiciously … and then went downhill. He removed the more competent of Ahuitzotl’s advisors, having most of them executed. He then abolished the quauhpilli class – a sort of semi-noble stage – in Aztec society, destroying any chance for commoners to advance their family. The unwashed masses thus had no incentive to serve the empire militarily or in any other manner. Having angered the most powerful noble families and alienated the commoners, Montezuma was, needless-to-say, ill-prepared to meet the challenge of greedy Spaniards, who showed up on the Aztec doorstep in February 1519.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_14
Text:
Earlier that year, an expedition under the command of Hernando Cortes – consisting of some 11 ships, 630 men, 13 horses and a few small cannon – landed in the Yucatan, part of the Mayan Empire. In point of fact, the charter for Cortes’ expedition had been revoked by the Spanish governor of Cuba before his departure from port, but Cortes ignored his orders in an act of open mutiny and sailed anyway (guess fortune really does “favor the fool-hearty”). After a few adventures, the conquistadors ended up sailing to and seizing the small native settlement at Veracruz, where they met a couple of Aztec governors of tributary states. These two agreed to set up a meet between Cortes and Montezuma II.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_15
Text:
Montezuma stubbornly refused to accept the Spanish “envoy” however, so Cortes set out for Tenochtitlan uninvited. Like most unwelcome guests, the Spanish left chaos in their wake. Marching towards the capital with a host of native warriors – looking for adventure, loot or revenge – joining his troupe, Cortes arrived in the large city of Cholula. There his merry band massacred thousands of unarmed members of the local Aztec nobility gathered in the square before the Great Pyramid there (the largest pyramid by volume in the world). Then for good measure, the Spaniards burned the city. So impressed by all the bloodshed were the downtrodden Aztec vassals that more joined the expedition. By the time Cortes reached Tenochtitlan, he had quite a following.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_16
Text:
Bowing to the inevitable, Montezuma II welcomed the Spaniards into the city peacefully to meet and talk. Whereupon Cortes made him prisoner. To make a long story short, eventually the Aztecs stoned Montezuma to death and drove the Spanish out of their capital. But Cortes returned with reinforcements, laying siege to Tenochtitlan. What with all the firearms and cannon and horses (which the Aztecs were most impressed by), the city soon fell and was razed … and in August 1521 Cuauhtémoc, the last ruler of the Aztecs, was captured and later executed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVILIZATIONS_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AZTEC_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_17
Text:
The bloody Aztec overlords were gone, and the empire shattered into separate city-states again, now under Spanish suzerainty.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_QUOTE
Text:
The sun is not hot when it has risen; after it has been travelling its course a while, then it becomes hot.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina (a mouthful in any language) was the fifth tlatoani (“emperor elect”) of the Aztecs. During his 29-year reign, he made his city of Tenochtitlan the dominant power in the region, through maintaining the favorable alliance with nearby Tlacopan and Texcoco. Together, the three would proceed to beat up on all their neighbors – in no particular order: the Huastecs, the Totonacs, the Mixtecs, the Cosamaloapans, the Orizabas and the Cotaxtlas. By the terms of the triple alliance, Tenochtitlan received 40% or so of the conquered lands; by the end of Montezuma’s life, the Aztec empire had expanded well beyond the Valley of Mexico all the way to the Gulf Coast.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Montezuma (whose name means, somewhat, “he frowns like a lord”) came from good stock. His father Huitzilihuitl was the king of Tenochtitlan, and his mother Miahuaxihuitl was the daughter of the ruler of the city of Cuauhnahuac. He was one of four brothers, including his elder Tlacaelel I. Following his father’s death in 1417 AD, Montezuma’s uncle Itzcoatl was elected tlatoani; Tlacaelel I was made one of Itzcoatl’s advisors – in fact, Nahuati, or “First Advisor” – while Montezuma served as a general in the Aztec army.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Following Itzcoatl's death in 1440, Montezuma was elected emperor. Tlacaelel I did not seem at all unhappy about being bypassed (perhaps he thought he'd live longer if he didn’t wear the crown), and by all accounts he served his brother faithfully. Besides, Tlacaelel I was too busy with religious affairs. Among other things, he recast the legends of the Aztecs as a chosen people, elevated the minor deity Huitzilopochtli (god of war and the sun, and soon enough patron of Tenochtitlan), and coupled militarism to faith. Oh yeah, and he increased the scope and frequency of human sacrifice to the gods – especially during times of troubles (which seemed to be most of the time).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Montezuma, meanwhile, was living relatively modestly, despite being an emperor. He lived, according to the Codex Mendoza created just 14 years after the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs, in a “simple” palace with “just a few wives.” In fact, it is recorded that he eventually had ten harems, three inherited from his brother Huehue Zaca. His first wife, at least in rank and prestige, was the comely Chichimecacihuatzin, his cousin and mother of perhaps three of his children, including two princes, although things are a bit hazy as to who bore which Montezuma offspring. When not engaged in religious duties or procreation or affairs of state, he supposedly enjoyed lengthy conversations with his friends and advisors.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_5
Text:
Much of this talk seems to have been centered on how to improve the Aztec city and newly-conquered lands. One of these, the construction of a double aqueduct to supply Tenochtitlan with plentiful fresh water, is considered the greatest engineering feat of the Aztec Empire. Of course as the sprawling city grew, it also required ever greater amounts of food to sustain its hungry population. Since Central America lacked domestic draft animals, every morsel had to be transported to the city on somebody's back (the burden of their many slaves – those not ritually sacrificed, that is). Montezuma’s government employed state inspectors to ensure that every scrap of arable land within walking distance was cultivated efficiently. And the emperor ordered the construction of dikes to alleviate flooding and to reclaim even more farmland from marshland.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_6
Text:
At the urging of his brother Tlacaelel I, Montezuma instituted sumptuary laws – traditionally regulations meant to limit extravagance in consumption of goods, particularly luxuries – which codified and reinforced the already-stratified Aztec class system. An Aztec’s station in life determined what he or she could wear and how he or she could speak. For instance, under Montezuma’s new laws the poor were not allowed to wear cotton cloth, sandals or any clothing that extended below the knee. Only the nobility could live in homes of greater than one story. Crimes were punished by slavery or by being sacrificed, so adherence was nigh universal.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_7
Text:
Montezuma and his pious elder brother set about building a lot of temples about the countryside, including a new temple to Huitzilopochtli. The temple of Huitzilopochtli was “consecrated” in 1455 AD with the sacrifice of hundreds of Huaxtec prisoners of war (it has been argued by some historians that the need for prisoners to sacrifice became one of the major threads in Aztec foreign policy). Tlacaele also got busy rewriting Aztec religious tracts, ordering the destruction of previous ones that disagreed with his own interpretations of history and faith.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_8
Text:
But Montezuma’s growing empire is known primarily for its near constant, and successful, state of war. Some historians theorize that he conquered nearby tribes for tribute, hoping to ensure a continuous food supply for Tenochtitlan which, despite his best efforts, continued to suffer from periodic famine. Another, more pessimistic, theory is that the empire conducted frequent wars so as to feed its bloody state-religion’s chronic need for someone to sacrifice on the abundance of alters. Yet another theory is that Montezuma was at war a lot because that’s just what Aztecs did … conquer stuff. As with much of history, no one really knows why things happened.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_9
Text:
Montezuma I died in 1469 AD, the unknown cause buried under the detritus of history. He was succeeded by his 19-year-old son Axayacatl, later father to the unfortunate Montezuma II who managed to lose everything to Cortes and a bunch of rag-tag conquistadors in just two years.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_CAPSULE_BODY
Text:
Montezuma is an aggressive expansionist who pushes out his empire in order to collect all the Luxuries he can.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_LEADERS_PAGE_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_CHAPTER_DETAILED_BODY
Text:
The Aztecs will be a warmonger throughout the game, but they should have plenty of [ICON_Amenities] Amenities to handle any war weariness that develops. Their initial push will be to defeat enemies with their Eagle Warriors, allowing those enemy units to morph into Aztec Builders. These Builders then serve as fuel for a rapid expansion of Aztec cities, utilizing their unique ability to use Builder charges on district construction. Ultimately they want as wide an empire as possible since any extra Luxuries they can capture will increase their [ICON_Amenities] Amenities further and provide stronger attack boosts.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_UNITS_PAGE_UNIT_AZTEC_EAGLE_WARRIOR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
One of the two elite class of infantry (the other being the Jaguar Warriors) in the Aztec army, the Eagle Warriors were the bravest young men of noble birth and/or those who had taken the most prisoners in battle. Like the Jaguars, the Eagles used the atlatl, bow, spear and macuahuitl (wooden swords set with obsidian shards); unlike the Jaguars, the Eagles decorated their armor with eagle feathers and wore a headdress shaped like the head of an eagle with the beak wide open. And they had a hilltop temple in Malinalco. Upon taking 20 prisoners – intact enough to serve as human sacrifice – a young warrior was eligible to become an Eagle Warrior, no doubt making his family very proud. Until the Spanish arrived with their cannons, muskets, and horses, the Eagle and Jaguar warriors were the toughest bullies on the Mesoamerican block.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_DIPLO_DECLARE_WAR_FROM_HUMAN_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_ANY
Text:
Your soldiers will die on the battlefield or upon an altar. It makes no difference to Huitzilopochtli.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_DIPLO_FIRST_MEET_VISIT_RECIPIENT_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_ANY
Text:
It is an honor to meet you. I invite you to our nearby city, you could test your skill at Ollamaliztli.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_DIPLO_WARNING_TOO_MANY_TROOPS_NEAR_ME_LEADER_MONTEZUMA_ANY
Text:
You cannot surprise the Empire. We see your attack. We will strike first if you do not move them away.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_TLACHTLI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
For over 2700 years the Mesoamericans played their traditional “ballgame” – Ollamaliztli in Nahuatl – in (not surprisingly) “ball courts.” Somewhat similar in play to team racquetball, these “sporting events” had significant ritual overtones, given that the losers (and sometimes the winners) were often sacrificed after the game, usually by decapitation. Explicit depictions of human sacrifice after a game can be found in many Mayan ball courts such as those at El Tajin and at Chichen Itza. Although the sport had somewhat different rules in different places and different times, it spread throughout Mesoamerica, as far south as Nicaragua and north as Arizona. Built in a pattern that changed little over two-and-a-half millennia, the ball courts were stone constructs of a long, narrow playing field between high sloped walls with open-ended (later enclosed) wider goal areas. Painted and decorated, these stadiums were the epitome of the Mesoamerican civilization … until the Spanish showed up and introduced the natives to other games.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BALANCEDMAPS_MAP_OPTION2_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Civilizations begin in six balanced regions, with City-States on nearby islands. The map forces players toward the center.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BALANCEDMAPS_MAP_OPTION3_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Civilizations begin with balanced start locations and compete for valuable territory in the map’s center.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BENCHMARK_AI_TT_ERROR
Text:
[COLOR_RED]The Aztec Civilization Pack must be enabled in order to perform this benchmark.[ENDCOLOR]


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BENCHMARK_EXP2_AI_TT_ERROR
Text:
[COLOR_RED]The Gathering Storm expansion must be enabled in order to perform this benchmark.[ENDCOLOR]


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_HUEY_TEOCALLI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 [ICON_Amenities] Amenity from entertainment for each Lake tile within one tile of Huey Teocalli. +1 [ICON_Food] Food and +1 [ICON_Production] Production for each Lake tile in your empire. Must be built on a Lake tile adjacent to land.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_WONDERS_PAGE_BUILDING_HUEY_TEOCALLI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
In the Aztec Empire, a teocalli was a terraced pyramid, surmounted by a temple on top, site of all the important religious rituals in the town. The greatest was located in the heart of Tenochtitlan, the Huey Teocalli (or, according to the Spanish, the Templo Mayor) dedicated to a pair of gods: Huitzilopochtli, the god of war, and Tlatoc, the god of agriculture (an indication of what was important in Aztec culture). Each god had a separate temple, reached by separate staircases. Mesoamerican pyramids tended to be rebuilt, using the prior structure as the base for the new, expanded version. Thus, Huey Teocalli was rebuilt six times after the first was completed around 1325 AD. The seventh, and last, was the one sacked and destroyed by Cortes and his conquistadors. Likely they took a dim view of the place, as it was given over to curious celebrations… such as the Panquetzaliztli festival celebrating Huitzilopochtli, when an effigy of the god made from amaranth seeds, bones, honey, and human blood was venerated, then given over to the populace to be eaten.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_HUEY_TEOCALLI_QUOTE
Text:
“But the wrath of Huitzilopochtli was great, and as the sacrifice passed each of the four rooms dedicated to the sun god, the sun disappeared or reappeared in the sky.”[NEWLINE]– Fray Diego Durán


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_AIRPORT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+50% combat experience for air units trained in this city. +2 air unit slots in Aerodrome district. Allows the ability to airlift land units between Aerodrome districts with Airports after the Rapid Deployment civic is unlocked.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_BARRACKS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all melee and ranged land units trained in this city.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]May not be built in an Encampment district that already has a Stable.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_CASTLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Increases the strength of your outer defenses. Provides 2 [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism after advancing to the Conservation Civic.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ELECTRONICS_FACTORY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to Japan. +4 [ICON_Production] Production to all city centers within 6 tiles. After researching the Electricity technology this building provides an additional +4 [ICON_Culture] Culture to its city. This bonus applies once to a city, and multiple copies of this building within 6 tiles of a city center do not provide additional bonuses.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_FACTORY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Bonus is extended to all city centers within 6 tiles. This bonus applies once to a city, and multiple copies of this building within 6 tiles of a city center do not provide additional bonuses.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_FILM_STUDIO_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to America. +100% [ICON_Tourism] Tourism pressure from this city towards other civilizations in the Modern era.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_LIGHTHOUSE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all naval units trained in this city. +1 [ICON_FOOD] Food on all Coast tiles for this city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MADRASA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to Arabia. Bonus [ICON_Faith] Faith equal to the adjacency bonus of the Campus district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MILITARY_ACADEMY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all land units trained in this city. Allows Corps and Armies to be trained directly. Corps and Army training costs reduced 25%.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MUSEUM_ART_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Holds [ICON_GreatWork_Landscape] Great Works of Art. May not be built in a Theater Square district that already has an Archaeological Museum.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MUSEUM_ARTIFACT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Holds [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts. May not be built in a Theater Square district that already has an Art Museum.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_POWER_PLANT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Bonus extends to each city center within 6 tiles. This bonus applies once to a city, and multiple copies of this building within 6 tiles of a city center do not provide additional bonuses.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_SEAPORT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all naval units trained in this city. Allows Fleets and Armadas to be trained directly. Fleet and Armada training costs reduced 25%.  +2 [ICON_GOLD] Gold on all Coast tiles for this city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STABLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all cavalry and siege class units trained in this city. May not be built in an Encampment district that already has a Barracks.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_SHIPYARD_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+25% combat experience for all naval units trained in this city. Bonus [ICON_Production] Production equal to the adjacency bonus of the Harbor district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STAR_FORT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Raises the strength of your outer defenses to the highest possible level. Provides 3 [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism after advancing to the Conservation Civic.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STAVE_CHURCH_DESCRIPTION
Text:
A building unique to Norway. Required to purchase Apostles and Inquisitors with [ICON_Faith] Faith. Holy Site districts get an additional standard adjacency bonus from Woods.  +1 [ICON_PRODUCTION] Production to each coastal resource tile in this city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TEMPLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Allows the purchasing of Apostles, Gurus, Inquisitors, and with the proper belief, Warrior Monks. These units can only be purchased with [ICON_Faith] Faith.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_WALLS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Provides Walls around the City Center and Encampment district. Walls allow [ICON_Ranged] Ranged Strikes from the City Center and Encampment district, and must be defeated before a city can be assaulted. Provides 1 [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism after advancing to the Conservation Civic.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ALHAMBRA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 Military policy slot[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Provides the same defensive bonuses as the Fort improvement. Must be built on Hills adjacent to an Encampment district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_BIG_BEN_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 Economic policy slot[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Doubles current treasury. Must be built next to a River adjacent to a Commercial Hub district with a Bank.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_BOLSHOI_THEATRE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Awards 2 randomly-chosen free civics when completed. Must be built on flat land adjacent to a Theater Square district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_BROADWAY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+20% [ICON_Culture] Culture in this city. 1 free random Atomic era civic boost. Must be built on flat land adjacent to a Theater Square district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_CHICHEN_ITZA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+2 [ICON_Culture] Culture to all Rainforest tiles for this city. +1 [ICON_Production] Production to all Rainforest tiles for this city. Must be built on Rainforest.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_COLOSSEUM_DESCRIPTION
Text:
The Colosseum's [ICON_Culture] Culture and [ICON_Amenities] Amenities are extended to each city center within 6 tiles. Must be built on flat land adjacent to an Entertainment Complex district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_COLOSSUS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Route capacity. Grants a Trader unit. Must be built on the Coast, adjacent to land and a Harbor district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_CRISTO_REDENTOR_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_Tourism] Tourism output from [ICON_GreatWork_Relic] Relics and Holy Cities is not diminished by other civilizations who have researched The Enlightenment civic. +100% [ICON_Tourism] Tourism from Seaside Resorts across your civilization. Must be built on Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_EIFFEL_TOWER_DESCRIPTION
Text:
All tiles in your civilization gain +2 Appeal. Must be built on flat land adjacent to the City Center.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ESTADIO_DO_MARACANA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+2 [ICON_Amenities] Amenities in each city in your civilization. Must be built on flat land adjacent to an Entertainment Complex district with a Stadium.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_GREAT_LIBRARY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Receive boosts to all Ancient and Classical era technologies. Must be built on flat land adjacent to a Campus district with a Library.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_GREAT_LIGHTHOUSE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 [ICON_Movement] Movement for all naval units[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Must be built on the Coast, and adjacent to land and a Harbor district with a Lighthouse.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_GREAT_ZIMBABWE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Route capacity[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes from this city get +2 [ICON_Gold] Gold for every Bonus resource within 3 tiles of the city and in this city's territory. Must be built adjacent to a Commercial Hub district with a Market and adjacent to [ICON_RESOURCE_CATTLE] Cattle.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_HAGIA_SOPHIA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Missionaries and Apostles can spread Religion 1 extra time. Must be built on flat land adjacent to a Holy Site district, and you must have founded a Religion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MAHABODHI_TEMPLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Grants 2 Apostles. Must be built on Woods adjacent to a Holy Site district with a Temple, and you must have founded a Religion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_MONT_ST_MICHEL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
All Apostles you create gain the Martyr ability in addition to a second ability you chose normally. Must be built on Floodplains or Marsh.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_ORACLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Patronage of Great People costs 25% less [ICON_Faith] Faith. Districts in this city provide +2 [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person points of their type (for example, [ICON_GreatWriter] Great Writer points from the Theater Square district). Must be built on Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_OXFORD_UNIVERSITY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+20% [ICON_Science] Science in this city, and awards 2 randomly-chosen free technologies when completed. Must be built on Grassland or Plains adjacent to a Campus district with a University.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_PETRA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+2 [ICON_Food] Food, +2 [ICON_Gold] Gold, and +1 [ICON_Production] Production on all Desert tiles for this city (non-Floodplains). Must be built on Desert or Floodplains without Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_PYRAMIDS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Grants a free Builder. All Builders can build 1 extra improvement. Must be built on Desert (including Floodplains) without Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_RUHR_VALLEY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+20% [ICON_Production] Production in this city, and +1 [ICON_Production] Production for each Mine and Quarry in this city. Must be built along a River adjacent to an Industrial Zone district with a Factory.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_STONEHENGE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Grants a free [ICON_GreatProphet] Great Prophet. [ICON_GreatProphet] Great Prophets may found a Religion on Stonehenge instead of a Holy Site. Must be adjacent to [ICON_RESOURCE_STONE] Stone and on flat land.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_TERRACOTTA_ARMY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
All current units gain a promotion level. All Archaeologists from the owner may enter foreign lands without Open Borders. Must be built on flat Grassland or Plains adjacent to an Encampment district with a Barracks or Stable.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_VENETIAN_ARSENAL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Receive a second naval unit each time you train a naval unit. Must be built on a Coast tile that is adjacent to an Industrial Zone district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BUILDING_THEMINGBONUS_ARCHAEOLOGY
Text:
Theming bonus doubling output when displaying [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts of the same era from different civilizations.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CITY_STATE_PICKER_TOO_FEW_WARNING
Text:
You have not selected enough City-States to fill the available City-State slots. Starting the game will result in only the selected City-States being created. Is this okay?


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_AMSTERDAM_BONUS
Text:
Your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes to foreign cities earn +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold for each Luxury resource at the destination.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_JAKARTA_BONUS
Text:
Your [ICON_TradingPost] Trading Posts in foreign cities provide +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold to your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes passing through or going to the city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_BONUS
Text:
Automatically converts to the Religion you founded, and exerts pressure for that Religion as if it were a Holy City.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_KANDY_BONUS
Text:
Receive a [ICON_GreatWork_Relic] Relic every time you discover a new natural wonder, and earn +50% [ICON_Faith] Faith from all [ICON_GreatWork_Relic] Relics.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_KUMASI_BONUS
Text:
Your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes to any city-state provide +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture and +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold for every specialty district in the origin city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Colossal Head improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Colossal Heads provide +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith for every 2 adjacent Rainforest. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith for every 2 adjacent Woods. Cannot be built on Snow or Snow Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_BONUS
Text:
Your districts provide +1 [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person point of their type ([ICON_GreatWriter] Great Writer, [ICON_GreatArtist] Great Artist, and [ICON_GreatMusician] Great Musician for Theater Square districts).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_TORONTO_BONUS
Text:
Regional effects from your Industrial Zone and Entertainment Complex districts reach 3 tiles farther.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_VALLETTA_BONUS
Text:
City Center buildings and Encampment district buildings can be bought with [ICON_Faith] Faith. Cost of purchasing Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance Walls is reduced, but they can only be bought with [ICON_Faith] Faith.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_BONUS
Text:
Receive the [ICON_RESOURCE_CINNAMON] Cinnamon and [ICON_RESOURCE_CLOVES] Cloves Luxury resources. These cannot be earned any other way in the game, and provide 6 [ICON_Amenities] Amenities each.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_BABYLON_BONUS
Text:
+2 [ICON_SCIENCE] Science from each [ICON_GreatWork_WRITING] Great Work of Writing. +1 [ICON_SCIENCE] Science from each [ICON_GreatWork_RELIC] Relic and [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifact.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CARTHAGE_BONUS_XP1
Text:
Land combat units are 20% cheaper to purchase with [ICON_GOLD] Gold for each Encampment district building in that city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_BONUS_XP1
Text:
Your cities with Holy Sites exert pressure as if they were Holy Cities (4x Religion pressure on all cities within 10 tiles).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_BONUS_XP1
Text:
Your districts with a building provide +1 [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person point of their type ([ICON_GreatWriter] Great Writer, [ICON_GreatArtist] Great Artist, and [ICON_GreatMusician] Great Musician for Theater Square districts with a building).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_TORONTO_BONUS_XP1
Text:
Regional effects from your Industrial Zone, Water Park, and Entertainment Complex districts reach 3 tiles farther.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_VILNIUS_BONUS_XP1
Text:
For the highest active Alliance Level, all your Theater Square districts receive +50% adjacency bonus.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CAHOKIA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Cahokia Mounds improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Cahokia Mounds provide +3 [ICON_GOLD] Gold. Cities receive +1 [ICON_AMENITIES] Amenity from their first Cahokia Mound improvement. Upon discovering Natural History, cities receive +1 [ICON_AMENITIES] Amenity from their second Cahokia Mound improvement. +1 [ICON_FOOD] Food for every 2 adjacent Districts once Feudalism is discovered or for every adjacent District once Replaceable Parts is researched. Provides +1 [ICON_HOUSING] Housing. Receive an additional [ICON_HOUSING] Housing once Cultural Heritage is discovered. Cannot be built adjacent to other Cahokia Mounds.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_FEZ_BONUS
Text:
When you use a religious unit to convert a city for the first time earn 20 [ICON_SCIENCE] Science per [ICON_Citizen] Population of that city (on Standard Speed).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_NAZCA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Nazca Line improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Nazca Lines provide +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith to adjacent tiles. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith to adjacent tiles with a resource. +1 [ICON_FOOD] Food to adjacent Desert and Desert Hill tiles after discovering Civil Service. +1 [ICON_PRODUCTION] Production to adjacent flat tiles after researching Mass Production. +1 Appeal. Can only be built on flat Desert. This tile cannot be worked.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_NGAZARGAMU_BONUS
Text:
Land combat or Support units are 20% cheaper to purchase with [ICON_GOLD] Gold for each Encampment district building in that city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_RAPA_NUI_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Moai improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Moai provide +1 [ICON_Culture] Culture. +1 [ICON_Culture] Culture for every 2 adjacent Moai. +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture if on or adjacent to a Volcanic Soil tile. +1 [ICON_Culture] Culture if adjacent to a Coast or Lake tile . Additional [ICON_Culture] Culture and [ICON_Tourism] Tourism as you advance through the Civics and Technology Tree. Can be built on Plains, Plains Hills, Grassland, Grassland Hills, or Volcanic Soil. Cannot be placed adjacent to a Woods or Rainforest tile.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_HATTUSA_BONUS_XP2
Text:
Provides you with 2 of each Strategic resource per turn that you have revealed but have not improved.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ARMAGH_BONUS_XP2
Text:
Your Builders can now make Monastery improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Monasteries provide +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith. +15 HP healing for friendly religious unit on this tile that has not attacked this turn. +1 [ICON_FAITH] Faith for every 2 adjacent Districts. Provides +1 [ICON_HOUSING] Housing. Receive an additional [ICON_HOUSING] Housing once Colonialism is discovered. Cannot be built next to another Monastery.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_BONUS_XP2
Text:
Your Builders can now make Colossal Head improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Colossal Heads provide +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith for every 2 adjacent Rainforest or for every adjacent Rainforest once Humanism is discovered. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith for every 2 adjacent Woods or for every adjacent Woods once Humanism is discovered. [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism from [ICON_FAITH] Faith once Flight is discovered. Cannot be built on Snow or Snow Hills.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_GRANADA_BONUS_XP2
Text:
Your Builders can now make Alcázar improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Alcázars provide +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture. Provides [ICON_SCIENCE] Science equal to 50% of the tile's Appeal. Occupying unit receives +4 [ICON_Strength] Defense Strength, and automatically gains 2 turns of fortification. Provides [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism after researching Flight. Cannot be built next to another Alcázar.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_AUCKLAND_BONUS
Text:
Shallow water tiles you own provide +1 [ICON_Production] Production. Additional +1 when you reach the Industrial era.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ANTANANARIVO_BONUS
Text:
Your Civilization gains +2% [ICON_Culture] Culture for each Great Person it has ever earned, up to a total of +30%.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_ARMAGH_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Monastery improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Monasteries provide +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith. +15 HP healing for friendly religious unit on this tile that has not attacked this turn. Cannot be built next to another Monastery


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_GRANADA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Alcázar improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Alcázars provide +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture. Occupying unit receives +4 [ICON_Strength] Defense Strength, and automatically gains 2 turns of fortification. Cannot be built next to another Alcázar.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CHINGUETTI_BONUS
Text:
International and domestic [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes receive +1 [ICON_FAITH] Faith for every follower in this city, of your founded or majority religion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_JOHANNESBURG_BONUS
Text:
Cities receive +1 [ICON_Production] Production for every improved resource type. After researching Industrialization it becomes +2 [ICON_PRODUCTION] Production.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_NALANDA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Mahavihara improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_SCIENCE] Science and +1 [Icon_Housing] Housing. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith for every adjacent Holy Site district and +1 [ICON_Science] Science for every adjacent Campus district. After researching Scientific Theory receive an additional +1 [Icon_Science] Science for every adjacent Campus. When a player constructs their first Mahavihara receive a random technology. Must be built on flat terrain not adjacent to another Mahavihara.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_SAMARKAND_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Trading Dome improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+2 [ICON_GOLD] Gold. +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold for every adjacent Luxury resource. Your outgoing international [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes grant +1 [ICON_GOLD] Gold per Trading Dome at the origin. Cannot be built next to another Trading Dome.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_WOLIN_BONUS
Text:
Receive [ICON_GreatGeneral] Great General points when a land unit defeats a major or minor civilization's unit and receive [ICON_GreatAdmiral] Great Admiral points when a naval unit defeats a major or minor civilization's unit equal to 25% of the opposing unit's strength (Standard Speed).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_CAGUANA_BONUS
Text:
Your Builders can now make Batey improvements.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]+1 [ICON_Culture] Culture. +1 [ICON_Culture] Culture for every adjacent Bonus resource and Entertainment Complex (increased to +2 [Icon_Culture] Culture when Exploration is discovered). Provides [Icon_Tourism] Tourism after researching Flight. Cannot be built adjacent to another Batey.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_LAHORE_BONUS
Text:
Your cities can now train Nihang units.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]A unit with a unique Promotion tree that can be purchased with [ICON_Faith] Faith. [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength is increased when Barracks, Armory, and Military Academy buildings are first constructed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_SINGAPORE_BONUS
Text:
Your cities receive +2 [ICON_Production] Production for each foreign civilization they have a [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Route to.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVILIZATION_VATICAN_CITY_BONUS
Text:
When you activate a [ICON_GreatPerson] Great Person they spread 400 Religious pressure of your founded (or majority) religion to cities within 10 tiles.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_MULTIPLAYER_MATCHMAKE_CIVROYALE_TT
Text:
Automatically find and join a Red Death game.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Red Death is Civilization VI's spin on a Battle Royale mode. Play as survivors vying for the only ticket off a dying planet.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_INTRO_BODY
Text:
Welcome to the end of the world! Red Death is a free-for-all battle to the last faction in the twilight of civilization on a dying planet. The goal is to be the last surviving faction and board the last drop-ship off the ruined planet.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_INTRO_DETAILS
Text:
There are no cities. There is no diplomacy. You lose when your last Civilian unit is captured or killed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_RED_DEATH_BODY
Text:
The Red Death is a growing storm of radioactivity. Over time, the safe area shrinks as the Red Death engulfs the world. The safe areas and areas affected by the Red Death are indicated on the map. Be careful that the Red Death does not overtake you!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_RED_DEATH_DETAILS
Text:
Units in the Red Death take damage each turn. Units in water also take damage each turn. There’s a reason you’re trying to get off the planet.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_UNITS_BODY
Text:
Find new units and gain experience by investigating the ruined cities, clearing Raider Outposts, and acquiring Supply Drops. These are the only ways you can get new units, so consider your attacks carefully!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TUTORIAL_CIVROYALE_UNITS_DETAILS
Text:
Don’t forget that you can assign units to escort your Civilians, which makes them harder to capture or kill. Units in this scenario can earn new promotions to help you survive this lawless planet.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIV_ROYALE_MOD_TEASER
Text:
In this multiplayer scenario, you need to survive the other factions who are fighting for space on the last colony ship, as well as the planet itself. Rounds typically last from 20-45 minutes depending on the game size.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIV_ROYALE_MOD_DESCRIPTION_BASIC
Text:
Our leaders have failed us. The Red Death comes for us all. Our old civilization could not stand the test of time. [NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Our only hope lies in a single colony ship waiting in orbit for the last survivors of this world. We can remotely pilot the lander, but the other factions are jamming our signal. The only way we will survive is for us to eliminate the other factions.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Welcome to the last civilization of this world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIV_ROYALE_MOD_DESCRIPTION_TUTORIAL
Text:
Our leaders have failed us. The Red Death comes for us all. Our old civilization could not stand the test of time.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Our only hope lies in a single colony ship waiting in orbit for the last survivors of this world. We can remotely pilot the lander, but the other factions are jamming our signal. The only way we will survive is for us to eliminate the other factions.[NEWLINE][NEWLINE]Welcome to the last civilization of this world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_NATIONALISM_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Grants the ability to construct an additional Spy. Allows forming two identical units into a Corps or Fleet. Allows one new Casus Belli that can be used to justify wars: Colonial War.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_NATURAL_HISTORY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Reveals [ICON_RESOURCE_ANTIQUITY_SITE] Antiquity Sites. Allows construction of Archaeologists. Awards 2 [ICON_Envoy] Envoys.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_CONSERVATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Awards 3 [ICON_Envoy] Envoys. Allows the building of National Parks and the purchase of Naturalists with [ICON_Faith] Faith. Allows Builders to plant Woods (second-growth). Woods in your territory that have never been removed (old-growth) gain +1 Appeal. Receive [ICON_TOURISM] Tourism from Walls.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_MOBILIZATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Allows formation of Defensive Pacts. Allows forming three identical units into an Army or Armada. Allows one new Casus Belli that can be used to justify wars: War of Territorial Expansion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVIC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Reveals [ICON_RESOURCE_SHIPWRECK] Shipwrecks, and allows Archaeologists to extract [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts from them. Awards 3 [ICON_Envoy] Envoys.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_MILITARY_TRADITION
Text:
Your soldiers hope your victory over a Barbarian Outpost is the start of a long line of military successes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_MYSTICISM
Text:
Worship of your pantheon of gods has brought up further questions about spiritual forces in our world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_DRAMA_POETRY
Text:
The glory of completing a wonder has energized your people. They are writing works to commemorate this great event.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_RECORDED_HISTORY
Text:
With plans to house many scrolls in the libraries of your campuses, your people begin to record the history of your empire.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_THEOLOGY
Text:
The formation of a Religion by your Great Prophet inspires deeper thought on the nature of the divine.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_MERCENARIES
Text:
With such a large standing army, you may want to consider adding mercenaries if your army needs to expand further.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_EXPLORATION
Text:
The lessons you have learned from Caravel exploration have led to a new way of governing your people.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_HUMANISM
Text:
The inspiration provided by your newly-acquired Great Artist is awakening our people to the power of the individual.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_REFORMED_CHURCH
Text:
The growth of your Religion comes with the danger of schism. Reforming corrupt church practices better happen soon!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_CIVIL_ENGINEERING
Text:
Having constructed so many types of districts, your engineers have become skilled in city construction.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_NATIONALISM
Text:
Your people believe in the just nature of this war.  It has become an issue of national pride for us!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_NATURAL_HISTORY
Text:
With a museum now ready to hold your findings, it is time to see what you can discover out in the natural world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_SCORCHED_EARTH
Text:
Modern warfare is clearly a brutal affair.  Your military doctrine is starting to reflect some of these principles of total war.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_CONSERVATION
Text:
The residents of your breathtaking new neighborhood clamor for a plan to conserve all the world’s natural treasures.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_CAPITALISM
Text:
With stock exchanges springing up in several cities, investment capital is plentiful and a market economy is ready to emerge.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_NUCLEAR_PROGRAM
Text:
With a dedicated research lab in place, your initiative to recruit scientists into a nuclear research program can commence.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_SUFFRAGE
Text:
The women of your empire have clamored for proper sanitation. Having won that battle, they now need the right to vote.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_CLASS_STRUGGLE
Text:
Your factory workers clamor for better working conditions. It is time for the workers of the world to unite!


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE
Text:
With a perfectly curated museum, your people's strong cultural heritage is on exhibit for all to see.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_BOOST_TRIGGER_LONGDESC_RAPID_DEPLOYMENT
Text:
With air bases now spanning the globe, our military is ready to be deployed anywhere in the world at a moment's notice.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_GOVT_INHERENT_BONUS_MONARCHY
Text:
+50% [ICON_Production] Production toward defensive buildings. +1 [ICON_Housing] Housing for each level of wall.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_GOVT_INHERENT_BONUS_THEOCRACY
Text:
Can buy land combat units with Faith. All units +5 [ICON_Religion] Religious Strength in theological combat.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_GOVT_ACCUMULATED_BONUS_MONARCHY
Text:
Bonus Influence points towards [ICON_Envoy] Envoys (20%, plus 1% for every 10 turns on Standard speed).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_GOVT_POLICIES_REMAINING_PLACED
Text:
{1_Num: number #} more {1_Num : plural 1?policy; other?policies;} can be placed in the {2_policyName} area.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_GOVT_INFLUENCE_POINTS_TOWARDS_ENVOYS
Text:
Gain {1_InfluencePointRate} Influence {1_InfluencePointRate : plural 1?point; other?points;} per [ICON_Turn] Turn. At {2_InfluencePointThreshold} {2_InfluencePointThreshold : plural 1?point; other?points;}, earn {3_EnvoysPerThreshold} [ICON_Envoy] {3_EnvoysPerThreshold : plural 1?Envoy; other?Envoys;}.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_AGOGE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+50% [ICON_Production] Production toward Ancient and Classical era melee, anti-cavalry, and ranged units.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_ARSENAL_OF_DEMOCRACY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes to an Ally's city provide +2 [ICON_Food] Food and +2 [ICON_Production] Production for both cities.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_CONTAINMENT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Each [ICON_Envoy] Envoy you send to a city-state counts as two, if its Suzerain has a different government than you.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_CRYPTOGRAPHY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Enemy Spy level reduced by 2 in your lands. Your Spy level is increased by 1 for offensive operations.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_ECOMMERCE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+5 [ICON_Production] Production and +10 [ICON_Gold] Gold from international [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_FEUDAL_CONTRACT_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+50% [ICON_Production] Production toward Ancient, Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance era melee, anti-cavalry, and ranged units.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_GRANDE_ARMEE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+50% [ICON_Production] Production toward Industrial era and earlier melee, anti-cavalry, and ranged units.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_GUNBOAT_DIPLOMACY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Open Borders with all city-states, and +4 Influence points per turn toward earning [ICON_Envoy] Envoys.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_HERITAGE_TOURISM_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+100% [ICON_Tourism] Tourism from [ICON_GreatWork_Landscape] Great Works of Art and [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_INTEGRATED_SPACE_CELL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+15% [ICON_Production] Production toward Space Race projects if a city has either a Military Academy or a Seaport.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_MARKET_ECONOMY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Your international [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes provide +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold per Luxury and Strategic resource improved at the destination, as well as +2 [ICON_Culture] Culture and +2 [ICON_Science] Science.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_NATIVE_CONQUEST_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Combat victories over units from earlier eras provide [ICON_Gold] Gold equal to 50% of the [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength of the defeated unit. (on Standard Speed)


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_NEW_DEAL_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+4 [ICON_Housing] Housing, +2 [ICON_Amenities] Amenities, -8 [ICON_Gold] Gold to all cities with at least 3 specialty districts.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_ONLINE_COMMUNITIES_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+50% [ICON_Tourism] Tourism output to civilizations to which you have a [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Route.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_POLICE_STATE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Enemy Spies level reduced by 2 in your lands. However all cities suffer -1 [ICON_Amenities] Amenity.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_PUBLIC_WORKS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+30% [ICON_Production] Production toward Builders, and newly trained Builders gain 2 extra build actions.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_RAJ_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+2 [ICON_Science] Science, [ICON_Culture] Culture, [ICON_Faith] Faith, and [ICON_Gold] Gold from each city-state you are Suzerain of.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_TRADE_CONFEDERATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+1 [ICON_Culture] Culture and +1 [ICON_Science] Science from international [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_POLICY_WARS_OF_RELIGION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+4 [ICON_Strength] Combat Strength when a non-religious unit fights a civilization that follows another Religion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_AMAZON_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Rainforest tiles provide +1 adjacency bonus for Campus, Commercial Hub, Holy Site, and Theater Square districts, and grant +1 Appeal to adjacent tiles, instead of the usual -1.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_DYNASTIC_CYCLE_DESCRIPTION
Text:
[ICON_TechBoosted] Eurekas and [ICON_CivicBoosted] Inspirations provide 60% of civics and technologies instead of 50%. When completing a wonder receive a random [ICON_TechBoosted] Eureka and [ICON_CivicBoosted] Inspiration from the era of the wonder, if available.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_ADJACENT_DISTRICTS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
All districts receive an additional standard adjacency bonus for being adjacent to another district.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_DOUBLE_ARCHAEOLOGY_SLOTS_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Each Archaeological Museum holds 6 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts instead of 3, and can support 2 Archaeologists at once. Archaeological Museums are automatically themed when they have 6 [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifacts.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_EXTRA_LIGHT_CAVALRY_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Receive a second light cavalry unit or Saka Horse Archer each time you train a light cavalry unit or Saka Horse Archer.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_FIRST_CIVILIZATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
When you capture a Barbarian Outpost, receive a Tribal Village reward in addition to the usual [ICON_Gold] Gold. Pay half the usual cost to levy city-state units.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_ITERU_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+15% [ICON_Production] Production towards districts and wonders if placed next to a River. Floodplains do not block placement of districts and wonders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_MOTHER_RUSSIA_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Extra territory upon founding cities. +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith and +1 [ICON_Production] Production from Tundra.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_LAST_PROPHET_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Automatically receive the final [ICON_GreatProphet] Great Prophet when the next-to-last one is claimed (if you have not earned a [ICON_GreatProphet] Great Prophet already). +1 [ICON_Science] Science for each foreign city following Arabia's Religion.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_NKISI_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+2 [ICON_Food] Food, +2 [ICON_Production] Production, +1 [ICON_Faith] Faith, and +4 [ICON_Gold] Gold from each [ICON_GreatWork_Relic] Relic, [ICON_GreatWork_Artifact] Artifact, and Sculpture [ICON_GreatWork_Sculpture] Great Work of Art in addition to the usual [ICON_Culture] Culture. Receive 50% more [ICON_GreatArtist] Great Artist, [ICON_GreatMusician] Great Musician, and [ICON_GreatMerchant] Great Merchant points. Palace has slots for 5 Great Works.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_TREASURE_FLEET_DESCRIPTION
Text:
May form Fleets and Armadas with Mercantilism, instead of Nationalism and Mobilization. [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes receive +3 [ICON_Gold] Gold, +2 [ICON_Faith] Faith, and +1 [ICON_Production] Production. [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes between multiple continents receive triple these numbers. Cities not on your original Capital’s continent receive +25% [ICON_Production] Production towards districts and a builder when founded.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_WONDER_TOURISM_DESCRIPTION
Text:
+20% [ICON_Production] Production toward Medieval, Renaissance, and Industrial era wonders. [ICON_Tourism] Tourism from wonders of any era is +100%.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_IMPERIAL_FREE_CITIES_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Each city can build one more district than usual (exceeding the normal limit based on [ICON_Citizen] Population).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_ALL_ROADS_TO_ROME_DESCRIPTION
Text:
All cities you found or conquer start with a Trading Post. If in [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Route range of your [ICON_Capital] Capital, they also start with a road to it. Your [ICON_TradeRoute] Trade Routes earn +1 [ICON_Gold] Gold for passing through Trading Posts in your own cities.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_TRAIT_CIVILIZATION_EARLY_OCEAN_NAVIGATION_DESCRIPTION
Text:
Units gain the ability to enter Ocean tiles after researching the Shipbuilding technology. Naval melee units heal in neutral territory. Units ignore additional [ICON_Movement] Movement costs from embarking and disembarking.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_CIVINFO_SCYTHIA_CAPITAL
Text:
None (the only city mentioned in the histories is "Scythian Neapolis," destroyed by the Goths in 3rd Century AD)


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_INTRO_CHAPTER_CONTENT_PARA_1
Text:
After a district has been built, it can be populated with buildings. Buildings can be built through the “Production Menu" where districts are built. Some buildings have prerequisites, such as other buildings or technology; these buildings will not be visible in your Production menu.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_AIRPORT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Technically, an “airport” is any sort of location where airplanes, helicopters, blimps, or other aircraft can take off and land. However, in common usage an airport is a complex for commercial passenger aircraft, consisting of runways, control towers, hangers, terminals, emergency facilities and even parking structures. Man’s tendency to be in a hurry has made airports an inherent part of every city landscape (although most commercial airports are now located well away from the city, given the noise and pollution). Prior to 1930, most airports were small airfields or aerodromes, with runways of less than 2000 feet. In 1939 busy La Guardia in New York City handled nearly a quarter million passengers a month; the most recent statistics for airport passenger traffic list Hartsfield-Jackson in Atlanta as the world’s busiest, with over 92 million passing through it in 2011.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_AMPHITHEATER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
When bread and circuses didn’t keep the masses happy, there was always the theater to distract them. An amphitheater is an outdoor arena (modern usage of the term is rather lax) that serves as a venue for performances, sporting events and public speeches. Although there had certainly been public spectacles in various places before, these tended to be staged ad hoc. But when the Greeks began writing plays around 532 BC, they built small, open-air structures (called theatrons) in which to perform these; the Romans, always looking to build bigger and better, created the amphitheater. The Romans built them all over their conquered lands, for every frontier outpost wanted to be civilized. The practice spread outward from the empire to other places, for amphitheaters were great places to stage plays, gladiatorial and Olympic Games, religious spectacles, executions, political debates, concerts, and all manner of other entertainments.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_ARENA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
An indoor amphitheater … an “arena,” from the Latin harena, a fine sand that was very good at absorbing blood in colosseums across the Roman Empire. These days, that has been forgotten by all those who go to arenas to watch sporting events, concerts, and other performances (such as political speeches). The most distinguishing feature of an arena is that the performance area is the lowest point in the main space, with seating for spectators banked up around it. Since the ancients had some difficulty roofing over large areas, it is unknown what might be termed civilization’s first indoor arena, although the famed Colosseum had retractable awnings to cover the spectators’ area. Currently the largest arena in the world is the Philippine Arena in Bocaue, seating about 55 thousand. But likely the best known is Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, fourth of that name, the first opening in 1879 AD under lease to P.T. Barnum. The current Garden, seating between 18 and 20 thousand depending on event, opened in 1968 and has been home to heartache and history ever since.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_ARMORY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
An armory (or arsenal, the terms tend to get mixed although there are some significant differences) is the place where arms and armor are manufactured, repaired and/or stored when not being used to kill other people – i.e., during peacetime. Unless planning on facing the enemy, soldiers usually do not carry their weapons and armor about with them (especially if their weapons were lances and their armor plate). The first armories date back to the first professional armies, those of Sumer and Akkad. Every standing army since has had armories, perhaps as simple as a well-guarded (wouldn’t do to let the commoners get hold of any weapons) warehouse or as elaborate as a production facility making muskets. Given that it didn’t make sense to have the weapons on the other side of the city from the troops, the armory was usually near the barracks. Armories have even shaped the course of civilization, for a variety of reasons: the Tower of London, Harper’s Ferry, the Kremlin Armory, Springfield Armory, the Zeughaus in Berlin, and so forth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_BANK_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Although there had been money-lenders and treasuries before (money, after all, greases the wheels of civilization), banking begins in early Renaissance Italy, in the rich cities of the north such as Genoa, Venice, Florence, Siena and Lucca. During the 14th Century, already wealthy, avaricious families – the Bardi, de Medici, Peruzzi, Cerchi, Gondi and others – not only dominated the commercial banking in their home city-states but established branches across Europe. The oldest bank still in operation is the Monte dei Paschi in Siena, operating continuously since 1472 AD. Banking spread across the Holy Roman Empire and the northern European nations by 1600, and the Europeans took the practice with them when they set out to colonize the world. Although the details have changed dramatically with technology, the basics of banking profits remain the same: checking and savings fees, loans and credit cards, currency exchanges, fund management, and so forth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_BARRACKS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Militiamen had homes, had jobs, and fed and clothed themselves, waging war only when called out by the government; professional soldiers had no homes, war was their occupation, and they got their victuals and spiffy uniforms from the government. Once writing was invented, professional armies were possible (along with most everything else, including kings and civilizations). Since they didn’t have homes as such, the barracks housed them … usually near the center of town so the soldiers could react to any threat, external or internal. Effectively, the barracks were permanent camps, with such amenities as training grounds, bath rooms, medical facilities, mess halls and gymnasia added. Often these barracks were at least minimally fortified, just in case of trouble. Be it ever so humble, home is where the heart is … in this case, war.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_BROADCAST_CENTER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
It wasn’t long after commercial radio began being broadcast that the first “broadcast center” was built: Broadcasting House, home of the British Broadcasting Corporation (the world’s oldest and largest), in 1932 AD. A “broadcasting center” is a complex (studios, sound booths, antennae, and lots of esoteric electrical equipment) for sending out radio and television waves to home receivers, thus keeping folk passively entertained for hours at a time. The BBC was chartered in 1922 as a government-supported operation to supply edifying entertainment and information to the people of Great Britain. Soon after, a number of Commonwealth nations took the same approach, as did a handful of other countries. In the American model, private broadcasting corporations provided competitive programming, funded by the sale of advertising time to “sponsors.” By 1928, the United States had three national networks (two owned by NBC). These competing (for audience numbers, which translate to advertising revenues) networks each built their own broadcasting center(s) to feed the electronic wasteland.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_CASTLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
From the Latin castellum, a castle is designed to protect the important people (and maybe those who serve them) from their enemies. Surrounded sometimes by moats and mottes, often with palisades and baileys and enceinte, usually with a central keep for when things really went wrong, the great castles were the last refuge during times of troubles. From the walls and towers the dedicated defenders could hurl death down upon the attackers … who, if they were smart, simply laid siege to the pile until those inside starved and sensibly surrendered. Historians are not quite sure (hardly surprising) when castles as such arose, but most attribute the development to an evolution of the walls around lordly homes to protect such from the likes of the Magyars, Muslims and Vikings in the 9th and 10th centuries AD. Proven Roman engineering techniques were adapted to make these outposts of civilization as nigh impregnable as possible. And, in time, royalty decided they might need some in their cities as well, for when the peasants started revolting. Worked well enough, until those peasants had gunpowder.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_CATHEDRAL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Once there were Catholic churches at every crossroads in Italy, some bishops decided they needed something grander to serve as the seat of each diocese or episcopate. Thus, the cathedral – from the Latin cathedra meaning “seat” or “chair.” The concept of cathedrals begins in 313 AD, when the emperor Constantine adopted Christianity; with that, Christianity went from being a minor faith to the religion of Rome, and the bishops agreed, more or less willingly, to take on the duties and dignity of magistrates across the empire. Since the old Roman magistrates had presided from a throne housed in a highly decorated hall (basilica), it wasn’t long before the bishops (who had never before been seated while presiding over their flock) began building cathedrals, massive edifices designed to impress the peasants with the glory of God. With money, materials and labor “donated” by the faithful peasants, these often took a lifetime to build … but are among some of the most impressive structures in all civilization. The first cathedral was that at Aquileia (c. 319) and they haven’t stopped building them yet.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_DAR_E_MEHR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
First seen around the Ninth Century BCE, the first Zoroastrian structures called 'Dar-e Mehr' are linked to the concept of 'Atar' ("holy fire"). The fire and clean water at the center of the Dar-e Mehr aren't worshipped, but instead a means to gain ritual purity.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_DAR_E_MEHR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
A temple would be named depending on the type of fire housed within, with the holiest being the "Fire of Victory," or 'Atash Behram,' requiring 32 priests and a year of burning fires from 16 sanctified sources to be considered consecrated.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_DAR_E_MEHR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
These temples, usually constructed on a hill or higher location, contain ritualized flames housed in a chamber called the atashgah. However, if you're a non-believer, don't expect to see the atashgah or the flame inside: tradition dictates that only the faithful be allowed to view the holy fire.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_ELECTRONICS_FACTORY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
With the advent of consumer electronics, the market for all manner of gizmos and gadgets for entertainment, communication and wasting time exploded in the late 20th Century. The Consumer Electronics Association estimated that sales of electronics for personal use – from computers to MP3 players, calculators to digital cameras, and so forth – exceeded 150 billion dollars in 2007 AD. To feed this postmodern addiction, semi-skilled laborers working in sprawling electronics factories assemble standardized parts into an ever-increasing flood of new products. Leading the way in this tidal wave is Japan, with the largest electronics industry in the world, although both South Korea and China are increasingly competitive. The first “modern” electronics factory was built by Sony, founded in 1946 AD. In the 1950s, Japanese engineers pioneered commercial applications for the transistor and in the 1970s and 1980s for the semi-conductor. Japanese innovations in miniaturization and in standardizing electronics manufacturing have kept their factories the most profitable in the most competitive field in consumerism ever seen.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_FACTORY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The Industrial Revolution came upon civilization, and all those things once made by hand are soon made in factories… and in great quantities. The workshops, where master craftsmen proudly made things by hand, gave way to the assembly line and the mass production of standardized products. The Englishman Richard Arkwright is credited with creating the prototype for the modern factory; in 1769 he patented the “water frame,” a water-powered spinning device, and built Cromford Mill in Derbyshire. In the process, he replaced skilled workers (on spinning wheels) with unskilled migrants who could produce more yarn quicker (albeit of poorer quality); in effect, Arkwright made workers a replaceable commodity in his plant. Soon enough, others copied the formula, and it was applied to other industries as technology brought steam, and then electricity, to the workshops. The final step in the industrialization of the workplace: Henry Ford revolutionized factory production with the first assembly line in 1913, capable of producing a Model T Ford using interchangeable parts in 93 minutes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_FILM_STUDIO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The “Black Maria,” a tarpaper-covered shack in West Orange, New Jersey, built by Thomas Edison in 1893 AD, might generously be termed the first “movie studio”; there Edison used film to capture the antics of vaudeville and theater actors to show to the public in penny arcades, unused theaters, and fairground tents. In 1909, Edwin Thanhouser leased an old skating rink and made commercial films, some 1086 between 1910 and 1917. Meanwhile in Europe, studios such as Pathé (France), Münchner Lichtspielkunst AG (Bavaria). Mosfilm (Russia) and Ealing Studios (UK) were being founded. But, for unexplained reasons, a number of studios sprouted up in and around Los Angeles (the best explanation being that natural sunlight was the best for the crude movie cameras of the time), the first being Nestor Studios in 1911. By 1920, there were a dozen in operation in the suburb of Hollywood cranking out film by the mile to feed civilization’s latest escapist addiction. Although film studios are largely passé (most production taking place “on location”), some remain in operation in odd corners of the globe.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_GRANARY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Once farming really took off, some place was needed to put that surplus grain to keep it safe from rats, insects, and other humans. The oldest granaries yet uncovered date back to the pre-pottery Neolithic period in the Jordan Valley, c. 9500 BC. In the Indus Valley, the oldest date to 6000 BC, and the Egyptians were storing surplus grain in “silo” pits as a hedge against poor harvests by this time as well. In East Asia, the Yangshao in China were building elevated granaries along the Yellow River around 5000 BC, and eventually the Koreans (c. 1000 BC) and the Japanese (c. 800 BC) figured it out as well. In modern times, granaries – like all else – have gotten larger, automated, and more complex; the rich farmlands of the United States and Russia, especially, are dotted with huge silos and grain elevators to help feed the teeming masses of civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_GURDWARA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A gurdwara (meaning “the gateway to the guru”) is a Sikh temple, although those of all faiths are welcomed to worship in their own way there. The gurdwara traditionally has a great hall (the Darbar Sahib) where the Guru Granth Sahib is displayed and a Langar where visitors can partake of the free food offered by the Sikh community. The egalitarian complex may also have a nursery, library, hospital and/or classrooms. The very first Sikh guru, Nanak Dev Ji, built the very first gurdwara in 1521 AD on the banks of the Ravi River of the Punjab … so legend has it. The first gurdwaras were the places for the faithful to gather to hear the current guru speak and to sing hymns to Waheguru (loosely, “God”). It was the sixth Sikh guru who finally gave such places the name “gurdwara.” Since meditation and the study of the scriptures are central to Sikhism, the gurdwara is vital to the “proper” moral and spiritual development of a Sikh.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_HANGAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Ships need docks; airplanes need hangars. It was quickly discovered that the early heavier-than-air craft tended to need protection from the weather, repair, and constant maintenance, and all of this was best done inside cavernous structures made of wood and fabric (now, virtually all hangars are made of metal and/or concrete). The bigger the aircraft, the bigger the hangar necessary; XXL hangars (more than 120 meters across) are used to house the world’s largest aircraft: the Airbus A380, Antonov 225, and Boeing 747. But the largest hangars in civilization were those built for the zeppelins and dirigibles, such as the U.S. Navy’s Hangar 1 located at Lakehurst (the site of the Hindenburg disaster). From the S to the XXL, hangars are vital to the operations of military airfields and civilian airports in this fast-paced era (thus, hangars are prime targets in any modern war).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_LIBRARY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Once literacy fastened on civilization, it was inevitable that reading materials (books, periodicals, maps, newspapers, scrolls, tablets, documents of all sorts) should be gathered in one place – a library. The first libraries, those of Sumer dating back to approximately 2600 BC, were archives of clay tablets covered in cuneiform script. Over 30 thousand clay tablets have been unearthed in the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. The Library of Alexandria was the greatest and most significant library in the classical world, but it was burned – a fate most great libraries suffer, it seems. While Europe plunged into a Dark Age, libraries flourished under the Muslim Arabs, whose development of papermaking helped considerably in their acquisition of texts from the known world. Although many of these historical libraries were open to all, the foundation of free, public libraries came with the British Public Libraries Act of 1850, a boon to the literate (about 76% in 1870) no matter their low birth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_LIGHTHOUSE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The sea is a dangerous place, filled with shoals, shallows, reefs, and rocks just waiting to bring the unwary ship to grief. And the weary crew might have a difficult time finding safe harbor. So, in antiquity, not long after men began sailing, signal fires were lit to guide the ship away from danger to port; since such signal fires would be even more visible if elevated, “lighthouses” began to be built by the first seafaring civilizations on promontories. The most famous of the ancient ones: the Pharos at Alexandria, of course, which guided ships into what was once the busiest seaport in the world. For two thousand years since, lighthouses were built wherever there was a need for sailors not to drown and cargos not to be lost. Stone, wood, and brick have given way to steel and concrete construction, and fire has given way to arc lamps, but the principle remains the same.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MADRASA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A madrasa (madrasah in Arabic or medrese in Turkish) is a secular institution of education, although often with a religious component. Madrasas would specialize in medicine, law, science, philosophy, religion or the education of women. Others also taught logic, world history, foreign languages, mathematics, art, and comparative literature. The first madrasa, the Gama'at al-Qarawiyyn, was established in 859 AD by Fatimah al-Fihri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. During the rule of the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk dynasties, the practice of sponsoring madrasas by the ruling, wealthy elite spread across Egypt and the Middle East. The first Ottoman madrasa was founded in 1331 in Iznik, and followed the traditions of Sunni Islam. The madrasas of the Turks and Arabs would, as Europe stumbled through the Dark Ages, keep the best of Classical knowledge alive, and build on it with their own inventions.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MARKET_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Whether called a souk (Arabic), bazaar (Persian), mercado (Spanish) or palengke (Filipino), markets have been around since farmers had surpluses and tradesmen had wares to sell to townsfolk. While primitive markets may have operated on a barter system, it was the coming of writing and coinage that made markets profitable and, indeed, indispensable to civilization. Markets were located in towns, both transport hubs and centers of consumption, even when the latter were off the beaten track. Marketplaces in Thebes, Babylon, Athens, Rome, Bangkok, Marrakech, London, Delhi, in all places and all times, offered the exotic, innovative and everyday for sale. Their shape and style may differ dramatically – floating markets, indoor markets, street markets, night markets, market squares, ad infinitum – but the intent is the same: to make a profit for the stallholders.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MEETING_HOUSE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
In opposition to the magnificent cathedrals and churches of the Catholic Church, the Protestants thought worship should be serious and undistracted by art. Hence some Congregationalists worshipped in meeting houses - plain, unadorned buildings built from local resources (usually wood and stone). In the New World, the social and cultural center for most of the Protestant colonies was the meeting house, which served as both a place of worship and of public discourse for the settlers. For many early Quaker, Mennonite, Unitarian, Puritan, Baptist and other pious types, the meeting house also served as the de facto town hall, where political debates, votes and decisions were conducted. All along the Atlantic coast colonies, the first public building to go up was typically the meeting house. Once the separation of church and state became a widespread principal in the new United States, those meeting houses were all converted into town halls.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MILITARY_ACADEMY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
If a civilization is to have a professional army, then it needs professionals to run it. (It helps, but certainly doesn’t guarantee, that that expensive army won’t get wasted anyway.) A military academy is an institution of “higher” learning in the “art” of war, dedicated to training officers. The first military academies were established in the early 1700s in Europe (the oldest, the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich in 1720 AD) to train officers in the “technical” branches of the army, such as the engineers and the artillery. In France, the École Royale Militaire was founded in 1751, the first to offer a general military education. Within a generation, Prussia, Russia, Austria, Sweden and most of the lesser European states had military academies turning out army officers. And why not start teaching boys the ways of war as well, so private boarding schools for pre-collegiate cadets were established in the United Kingdom (such as Welbeck College), France (Saint-Cyr for instance), the United States (Valley Forge Military Academy and others), Russia (the Suvorov Military Schools) and elsewhere.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MONUMENT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Since humans seem to be a forgetful sort – or perhaps just egotistical – they put up monuments to commemorate all kinds of things – “important” people, events, military victories, deities, or even fictional characters (such as that to Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens). They seem to especially like to stick them up in the middle of cities, so everyone has to see them and walk or drive around them. Monuments come in all shapes and sizes, beautiful and horrid. Triumphal arches, columns, obelisks, memorials and cenotaphs can be found in almost any large urban metropolis, supposedly infusing the inhabitants with civic and national pride. Or, as is usually the case, serving as nesting places for pigeons and recognizable backgrounds for tourist snapshots.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MOSQUE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
There are strict requirements and standards in Islamic fiqh for a building to be a mosque, and those places of worship that do not meet those are merely musallas (“gathering houses”). Under Sharia law, once a mosque is formally designated as a holy place, it remains that until the Day of Judgment (Yawm ad-Din). The oldest and largest mosque in the world, the Masjid al-Haram, was built in the city of Mecca around 638 AD; it encompasses the holy site of the Kaaba, the most sacred of all locations in Islam. The Prophet himself established other mosques, notably that at Medina. From there, mosques – with their distinctive domes, minarets and prayer halls overseen by an imam – were carried by the swords of the faithful across Arabia, the Middle East and North Africa during the 7th Century. The first mosque built in the Far East – that at Xi’an – reportedly dates to the mid-8th Century. A site of prayer, charity and learning, the mosque is the physical heart of Islamic civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MUSEUM_ART_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Art museums (or art galleries) are public spaces - paid for by the public, usually in the form of taxes – to house artwork meant to edify and uplift the masses. The art objects may take many forms: paintings, sketches, sculptures, ceramics, metalwork, prints, and now even video. Perhaps the first such effort at bringing high culture to the public took place in 1671 AD, the Amerbach-Cabinet in Basel (now the Kunstmuseum). But the whole idea of such collections for public edification really took off during the Renaissance, with the likes of the Capitoline, Vatican, and Uffizi galleries established. The 1700s saw another wave of iconic collections open: the Hermitage, the Prado, the Louvre, and the first American museum, the Charleston Museum, in 1773. The Louvre was established in 1793, soon after the French Revolution when the royal collection of art was declared the property of the people, beginning the trend of removing art from the grasp of the wealthy and putting it on tasteful display for the public to gawk at.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MUSEUM_ARTIFACT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Humans generate lots of junk. They are also fascinated with old junk, and so created museums. A museum is a building designed to hold civilization’s most treasured possessions for public viewing. There are museums that contain collections of art, and there are the museums which display fossils, items of historical interest, or pop culture curiosities. There are also museums that house costumes, jewels, weapons, gadgets, or virtually anything else which might be of interest to the humans filing through their halls. The oldest known collection of curiosities put on display was that of Ennigaldi-Nanna’s Museum, c. 530 BC, with enough traffic to warrant labels for the items (a clue to archaeologists that the ruin was a museum). But the whole idea of such collections for public edification really took off during the Enlightenment, with the Royal Armories in the Tower of London, the Musée des Beaux-Arts et d’Archeologie in Besancon, and the Kunstkamera in St. Petersburg being founded. These and other museums are now almost as historic as the junk they display.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_PAGODA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Technically, a “pagoda” is a building style – a tiered tower with overhanging eaves – rather than a building, but for the unenlightened it has come to be the generic term for religious structures in the Far East, mostly Buddhist but also Taoist, Shinto and Confucian. The origin of the pagoda structure can be traced to the stupas of 3rd Century BC Nepal. From there, the architectural style spread across China and East Asia, where the Buddhists adopted it for their buildings housing sacred relics and texts. For Buddhist missionaries, pilgrims and priests, these pagodas became the centers of their faith on Earth with images of Gautama Buddha prominent and plentiful. The building materials and decoration, from unadorned to ornate, varied widely from region to region and faith to faith. But pagodas traditionally have an odd number of levels, the notable exception being the 163-foot “pagoda folly” erected by Sir William Chambers at Kew Gardens in London in 1762 and thought clever by the English.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_PALACE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
As soon as some chieftain managed to become a king, he (or she) began to have delusions of grandeur; living in a hut like everyone else just wouldn’t do. A palace is the residence of a civilization's ruler. The term is somewhat anachronistic, since all sorts of things are called “palaces” nowadays, even gambling casinos. Currently most rulers live in ornate buildings called something like “the White House” or “Government House,” but the effect is the same. Palaces (and their modern equivalents) are designed to do three things: to provide the ruler with access to the people and communications necessary to rule, to defend the leader from attack, and to impress upon subjects and foreign visitors the leader's importance and staggering hubris.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_POWER_PLANT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The sole purpose of a power plant (or power station, generating plant, or power house) – be it hydro, nuclear, solar, fossil fuel-fired, tidal or other – is to feed the voracious appetite for electricity that civilization has developed over the past 160 years. Whatever the form, the principle is the same: convert one type of energy into another so that humans can enjoy their comforts. The first power plant was designed and built by Baron William Armstrong in 1868 AD (when scientists were still playing around with electricity in labs) in Cragside; water from a lake was used to turn the dynamos, and the resulting electricity powered lights, heating, hot water heaters, an elevator, and other odd devices in his properties nearby. In January 1882 the first public power plant came online in London, and in September the Pearl Street Station began operations in New York City supplying electricity to lower Manhattan. Although the Pearl Street Station burned down in 1890, it was too late – people were hooked on electric lights, and now over 7300 power plants operate in the United States alone.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_RESEARCH_LAB_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A research lab is an institute devoted to the advanced study of a subject, which might be medicine, physics, chemistry, robotics, clean energy, or new products for TV infomercials. Such labs may be publicly funded or run by wealthy corporations looking for profits; research labs may be attached to universities or they may be independent of academic boundaries and ethics. It is pretty clear that “efficient” research labs are the future of research in every discipline. As civilization’s understanding of the world has advanced, the days of the dedicated scientist working alone in his or her basement and shouting “Eureka!” have all but passed. Whatever understanding we may gain of the natural world, whatever new tech toy may grab our attention, whatever improvement of our daily life may come, whatever horrors may be unleashed, it will likely come out of a research laboratory, whether large (CERN’s Large Hadron Collider) or small (computer simulation modelling).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_SEAPORT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The sites of ancient ports were selected to optimize access to land or river routes, protect the anchored shipping, and maximize harbor fees – Guangzhou in Qin China, Piraeus for Athens, Canopus and Alexandria in Egypt, Lothal for the Harappan, Rome's Ostia Antica. More than just a harbor, a seaport offered all the necessities for sea-going vessels and their crews: cordage and carpentry workshops, docks and slips, bars and brothels, warehouses, and so on. The seaports of Europe were the launching points for the exploration and colonization of the world, as well as the naval bases that figure prominently in military history. Commercial empires rose and fell tied to the fate of their seaports: Phoenicia, Srivijaya, Portugal and others. Although less common than those facing the seas, inland ports such as New Orleans or Calcutta gave vast regions access to the oceans. Today the great ports of the world – Port Said, Hamburg, Shanghai, Melbourne, Santos, Hong Kong, Los Angeles and Vancouver, to name a few – are a forest of cranes, a maze of roads and rail, a city of warehouses and storage tanks, all devoted to making a profit from export and import.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_SEWER_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Put enough people and animals in one place, pave over the streets, let it rain … and the need for a sewage system becomes evident. At least it did to the Indians; the oldest covered sewers uncovered by archaeologists have been found in the ruins of the Indus Valley civilization. Where to put the runoff from the waste water and sewage was always a problem; the great Cloaca Maxima in ancient Rome, considered an engineering marvel, emptied into the Tiber River (hopefully, downriver from where the city’s drinking water was acquired). In many places, a natural waterway was covered over and served as the sewer system; London’s River Fleet is one such. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, and the explosive growth of cities, during the early 19th Century many civil engineers urged the construction of integrated, purposeful water and sewer systems; the “Great Stink” of 1858 in London resulted in the first “modern” sewer system, funded by Parliament, and became the basis for all the sewage innovations since.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_SHIPYARD_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The earliest known dockyards – dating c. 2400 BC - have been found in the ruins of Lothal in the state of Gujarat, India. Naupactus means “shipyard” in Greek; it is not surprising that that ancient city was known for building warships. Every nation with pretentions of being an empire had its shipyards. Ships were one of the first things to be mass produced; centuries before the wondrous Industrial Revolution, the Arsenal in Venice was able to produce a merchant or war ship in a day, using pre-manufactured and standardized parts on an assembly line. With the advent of iron and steel vessels, shipyards became more like factories than ever, with massive drydocks to build the greatest ocean-going vessels ever … but it took more than a day. At the sprawling Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast, the RMS Titanic was laid down in March 1909 but not launched until May 1911, with nearly a year still until completion and its fateful maiden voyage.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_SHRINE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
To appease a god (or goddess), put up a shrine. Whether simple – a big rock in a forest clearing next to a stream – or elaborate – a marble edifice of soaring arches and fluted columns – the purpose is the same: someplace for the faithful to make pilgrimages to and offerings at. Inevitably the site where some prophet (or perhaps just a saint) performed a miracle, had a revelation, spoke to the masses, or ascended to some form of heaven, civilization’s landscape is peppered with shrines. These holy places are the stuff of nearly every religion, but are usually torn down when a new religion takes over the locale, and a new god must be appeased.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STABLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
What the barracks were for cavalry soldiers, stables were for their mounts. Indeed, the horses and mules of the military were generally better off than those peasants that took care of them. In most places, the stables also encompassed the barracks of the cavalry unit, from the Imperial Roman turma to Britain’s Household Cavalry. In addition to the stalls, mangers, feed storage rooms, grooms’ quarters (unless they slept with the horses), the military stables also provided large enclosures for training and drill, and of course there were the veterinarian’s quarters. In time, in some places such as England, the term “stable” even came to refer to the headquarters of a cavalry regiment. Besides the military stables of the land, there were often royal stables and mews, where the monarch’s personal mounts and carriages were kept; these usually had some form of mounted royal guard stationed within. Today, most cavalry stables have been replaced with the less glamorous “motor pools.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STADIUM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A stadium is a better version of the colosseum, with a wider selection of snacks and more restrooms. The oldest known stadium, an open-air venue dedicated to worshipping sporting competitions, was in the western Peloponnese and served as the site of the ancient Olympic Games, first held c. 776 BC. Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in the ruins of many cities, a testament to their culture of competition. With the growth of leisure and the popularity of organized sports in the Victorian Age – notably football (soccer for the uncivilized) in Europe and baseball in America – stadiums were being built at a furious pace across the globe. Most of those industrial-age stadiums were built of wood, such as that at Lansdowne Road in Dublin (1872-2006) or the South End Grounds in Boston (1871-1914). These days, modern concrete-and-steel stadiums can hold upwards of 100 thousand screaming, obnoxious fans for a sporting match, rock concert, or political rally.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STAR_FORT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
When cannon came to combat, those old, high, straight city walls didn’t stand up very well. Thanks to the unrelenting warfare in Italy during the Renaissance, military engineers there devised the “star fort” (more properly, the trace italienne) in the mid-15th Century AD. The design of a star fortress is evident from any sketch: a flat, low- and thick- and slope-walled structure composed of many triangular bastions, so positioned as to provide covering fire for each other, all surrounded by a glacis to deflect cannonballs and a ditch to deter infantry. Star forts were used by Michelangelo in his defensive designs for Florence, and later the concepts were refined by the engineer Peruzzi (for Siena) and by the author Scamozzi. Against the oft-invading French and Hapsburgs, Italian cities soon dispensed with traditional fortifications and surrounded their cities with star forts. The efficacious design spread out of Italy in the 1530s and 1540s to become the standard across Europe by the time of the great military engineer Vauban.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STAVE_CHURCH_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
After they got past their pagan ways, stave churches were wooden, post-and-beam constructions built throughout medieval Scandinavia once the Vikings converted to Christianity. In Sweden alone it is estimated that over a thousand stave churches were scattered about, the oldest dating back to the mid-1100s. Besides their religious function, these often served as meeting halls, cultural centers, courthouses, and even as marketplaces. Early stave churches were palisade constructions, with steeply pitched roofs to shed the heavy snows. The churches had elaborate wooden carvings, usually Christian in design but occasionally depicting pre-Christian heroes and myths. Later, only the corner posts were set in the earth, with planking covering the frame. Currently 30 stave churches remain standing, all but two in Norway.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STOCK_EXCHANGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Stock exchanges exist for people who like to gamble in a refined fashion, speculating on the rise and fall of the value of “stock” – shares of ownership in “publically traded” companies. With advice from stock brokers, who always get a fee, anyone can wheel and deal in stocks, bonds, or other securities. The practice has its genesis in the creation of tradable bonds by Italian banks in the Renaissance, a creditor stake in a company or enterprise (such as a trading voyage). The Dutch East Indies Company, formed in 1602 AD, was the first corporation to put up shares for sale, offering delayed dividends (a portion of its annual profits) for speculative investment by anyone who could afford to buy. All those new middle class folk couldn’t resist, and soon enough other companies were doing the same. In time, an Englishman of dubious repute named John Castaing, operating from Jonathan’s Coffee House, began posting a regular list of stock and commodity prices and serving as a broker in these for a fee; this marks the beginning of the London Stock Exchange. The practice, despite the South Seas Bubble and the Tulip Mania and all the other scams and scandals, has been around ever since.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STUPA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
If you make your way to the Swat Valley, and find yourself in the village of Shingardar, you'll see a massive stone dome towering over the small town, itself dwarfed by the mountains behind both. This structure is a stupa, constructed by the Buddhist king of Swat between the Second and Third Centuries CE.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STUPA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Buddhist kings weren't just partial to constructing giant domes just because they liked them—the stupas built throughout Asia were monuments, first appearing in India during the Fourth Century BCE.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STUPA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Many stupas often contain relics related to Buddha, his life, and his disciples. Others, like the 108 Stupas of Ningxia in China, were built with some theological significance in mind or for their potential spiritual benefits.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_STUPA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
While many have endured, history has been somewhat rough on the stupas of Asia: many have suffered damage to their domes as a result of conflict and calamity.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_MBANZA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Mbanza is Kongolese for “city,” or in some cases simply “settlement.” By the time the Portuguese arrived in central Africa, M’banza Kongo was already a large city, rich from trade and craft manufacturing, but most of the population lived in the valleys that surrounded it in residential neighborhoods – perhaps as many as 100 thousand people. While these small towns might have a market and a workshop, the important things – churches, palace, schools, clinics, tax offices – were located in the hilltop capital. They were linked to M’banza Kongo by several roads up the slopes, and these were quite crowded at times such as feast and tax days. All this in 1648 AD according to the visitor Francesco da Roma. So not only did the Kongolese give civilization suburbia but also “rush hour.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_SYNAGOGUE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Traditionally, the term synagogue (Greek for “assembly”) is used to describe all Jewish temples and is a place both of worship and of study. Worship and prayer take place in the main room, the sanctuary. The prayer may be led by a rabbi (“teacher”) – but not necessarily, and many synagogues do not have a rabbi in attendance. Communal worship can occur whenever a 'minyan' (ten Jews) convenes. Although synagogues existed before the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD, one of its rabbis – Yohanan ben Zakkai – promoted the idea of establishing individual houses of worship wherever the scattered Jews might find themselves. Thus, ever since, any individual Jew (king, wealthy patron, scholar, etc.) or group of Jews (Sephardic, Hasidic, Karaite, Orthodox, Reform, etc.) can found a synagogue.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_TEMPLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A temple is that structure reserved for spiritual activities – prayer, communion, sacrifice, and the like – devoted to a deity. Virtually every organized religion has temples of some sort; unlike shrines, these are planned piety, the power of God made manifest. Temples are also business concerns, what with all the tithes and donations, and so serve to feed, clothe, and support the priests, acolytes, vestal virgins, monks, rabbis, etc. The oldest known temples, found in Mesopotamia, date from the 10th Century BC and are simple affairs. But over time temples became ever more elaborate and magnificent, and had a significant impact on civilization – such as the Temple of Karnak in Thebes, the Parthenon in Athens, the Mahabodhi Temple in Bihar, or the Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Salt Lake.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_UNIVERSITY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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An institution of higher learning since the first c. 1100 AD, the modern university has its roots in the Catholic cathedral and monastic schools dating back to the 6th Century. With the exception of the University of Paris (founded c. 1150), most of the early universities were begun by the kings and queens of the land – at Bologna (1088), Oxford (1167), Modena (1175), Cambridge (1209) Padua (1222), Krakow (1364) and many others – as an alternative (and curb to) the Catholic schools. In contrast (and defiance) to the Catholic Church, these public universities espoused academic freedom; the first such was the Constitutio Habita in 1155 of the University of Bologna, which granted rights and protections to the scholars studying there as guaranteed by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The universities offered studies in law, medicine, logic, philosophy, certain sciences, and the classics then; now young scholars can get degrees in Buddhist literature, bioengineering, and even game design.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_WALLS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Until things like gunpowder, bomber aircraft, and nuclear missiles made them rather pointless, city walls were pretty important if a city wanted to stay inviolate. If a town wanted to keep its citizens relatively safe and its stuff relatively secure from the barbarians at the gates, it needed a relatively strong wall surrounding it. The Sumerian city of Uruk is the oldest known settlement completely enclosed by a wall, in this case supposedly built by the god-king Gilgamesh. Some of the early settlements in the Indus Valley – such as Kot Diji – had massive stone-and-brick walls for protection. On the other hand, if the city was inhabited by awesome warriors, it could generally get by without walls – Sparta and Rome survived for several centuries before walls were built. Today, what portions of city walls remain are either ignored or consider part of the “local color.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_WAT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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Buddhist monasteries in Cambodia, Thailand and Laos are termed “wats” (Sanskrit for “enclosure”). The wat often encompassed a school, and hence were both holy and educational. A wat generally consists of a temple containing statues of the Buddha, a prayer room, a room containing religious texts, a pavilion for relaxation, a library, study hall, bell towers, drum towers, and living quarters. Wats come in two types: those granted wisungkhamasima (royal patronage) and those not (samnak song). They abound across Southeast Asia, and architectural styles are as varied as the peoples – although the living quarters for the monks and novices are invariably separate from the sacred structures. Often ornately decorated and gilded, wats are some of the most distinctive and historic structures in the region, including the famous one at Angkor, Cambodia, constructed in the early 12th Century under the patronage of King Suryavarman II.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_WATER_MILL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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A water mill uses flowing water to turn a water wheel which is geared to turn other wheels for grinding, spinning, sawing or pounding all manner of useful things: grain, lumber, textiles, ore, metal, paper, and so forth. Most folk think of water mills as gristmills, those adapted to producing flour from grain … and that is certainly the earliest type found. The Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 to 220 BC) left an account of the workings of a water mill; the Roman Vitruvius offered the first technical description of building one, his an undershot wheel with a gearing device. So useful was the water mill that by the time of the Dark Ages, they could be found near every settlement, and (unlike a lot of knowledge that got lost) the Europeans managed to retain the essentials to construct and operate water-driven gristmills. Later on, steam power and electrical power replaced the water wheels, being more efficient and economic; today, only barbarians would use actual water mills to grind their corn and wheat.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_WORKSHOP_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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A workshop is for work … that is, for working wood, metal, glass, ceramic, and anything else needed to make something worthwhile. Stocked with tools and simple machinery, for hundreds of years workshops have been the abode of master craftsmen making everything from doors to doorknobs, from glassware to horseshoes (a blacksmith’s forge is a type of workshop). Ancient workshops date back to the earliest settlements of civilization, stamping Mankind as “homo faber.” By the Middle Ages, the workshop “economy” was well in hand, with practices gradually becoming ever more rigid – as in the case of the apprenticeship system, whereby young boys were bound to master craftsmen who taught them the intricacies of their skilled work. Apprenticeships generally lasted seven years, whereupon the apprentice became a master and could acquire his own workshop (those that didn’t were journeymen). However, the Industrial Revolution put paid to the entire system, as factories could mass produce the items cheaper (albeit of poorer quality).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_BUILDINGS_PAGE_BUILDING_ZOO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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The oldest known menagerie (or “zoological park,” i.e., zoo) has been excavated at Hierakonpolis and dates to c. 3500 BC; according to archaeologists, it contained hippos, elephants, hartebeest, baboons, and wildcats. In the 12th Century BC the Chinese empress Tanki had a “house of deer,” and the later Wen of Zhou established a 1500-acre menagerie. Alexander the Great had live specimens of unusual animals sent back to Greece to be displayed, and most of the Roman emperors had extensive collections of animals for the citizens to ogle. Humans have always been fascinated by watching caged animals, but no one is quite sure what the animals staring back at the humans are thinking; probably better not to know. The oldest existing zoo, the Tiergarten Schoenbrunn in Vienna, evolved from the exotic animal collection maintained by the Habsburg dynasty and was opened to the public in 1765 AD. Whipsnade Wild Animal Park in England opened in 1931 as the first drive-through “safari” park … a supposed “advance” over the traditional zoo full of cages.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_INTRO_CHAPTER_CONTENT_PARA_1
Text:
City-states are smaller political entities that cannot win the game, but can greatly assist or impede a civilization's progress towards victory. There are a few options to deal with these city-states. You can befriend them and gain a number of important benefits, you can ignore them, or you can conquer them.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AMSTERDAM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Amstelredamme, the original name of the Dutch capital Amsterdam, was a small fishing village founded at some point in the 12th Century AD near a dam on the River Amstel. The inhabitants soon figured out they could make more coin from tolls over nearby bridges, and by digging peat out of the surrounding muck – inadvertently beginning the reclamation of the polder around the town. Amsterdam was granted city rights c. 1300 by its liege lord, the Count of Holland and Zeeland. When the Dutch revolted against Catholic Spain’s rule, economic and religious refugees (those insidious Protestants) from Spanish-controlled areas flooded into Amsterdam. Soon it was the largest city in the free Netherlands, and a thriving port as well.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AMSTERDAM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
During the 17th Century, Amsterdam became the world’s wealthiest city … at least until the English beat the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and Napoleon overran the country during the Napoleonic Wars. But the city still dreams of its “Golden Age,” when merchants from Holland traded across the globe, sailing to North America, Africa, the Far East, and all about Europe. It was the center of great art, since artists tend to be drawn to easy money. In 1602, the Amsterdam offices of the Dutch East Indies Company became the world’s first stock exchange by trading in its own shares.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_AMSTERDAM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
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The city did eventually recover its position as a great port after the troubles of the 1800s. The Industrial Revolution arrived early in Amsterdam, as the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal and the North Sea Canal dramatically improved commerce and an early train station brought goods from central Europe to its docks. Despite the effects of the Second World War (Holland managed to avoid the First), Amsterdam remains one of the world’s great commercial centers, home to some 1.5 million people (metropolitan area).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BRUSSELS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Brussels was founded along the banks of the Senne River in 979 AD when Charles of Lorraine constructed the first fortifications around a small Catholic chapel and town. The city lay low along the river and was often flooded, giving it its Dutch name Broeksel, or, “home in the marsh.” The citizens have been trying to live that down for centuries, focusing on making it an industrial center in the “new Europe.” Extensive city walls, constructed and expanded during the 11th to 14th centuries, allowed a period of growth, expansion, and relative security uncommon for the time.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BRUSSELS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
For some two hundred years, the city passed from one ruler to another … more or less peacefully. That ended abruptly in 1695 when Louis XIV of France sent troops to Brussels and bombarded the city with artillery, destroying the Grand Place and nearly a third of the city in the attack. This, forcefully, brought “Frenchification” to Belgium, at least in terms of culture.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BRUSSELS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
So, inevitably, in 1830 the southern French-speaking provinces of the then Kingdom of the Netherlands separated from the Dutch-speaking provinces in the “Belgian Revolution,” the conflict taking place for the most part in Brussels. Following Belgian independence, the new king Leopold I began destroying the old city walls to make way for new construction and more modern buildings for his capital. By now the Senne, once the life-blood of the city, was an open sewer and so between 1867 and 1871 was covered over.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BRUSSELS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Brussels escaped the two world wars relatively unscathed largely due to its lack of strategic significance, the inattention of its German occupiers, and the general passivity of its inhabitants. Perhaps it is this – or the fact it is a major transportation hub – which made the city a modern-day center for international commerce and the de facto capital of the European Union and the headquarters of NATO.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BUENOS_AIRES_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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A vibrant city which rambles north to south along the Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires has been the gateway to Argentina since inception. Porteños, as the multinational citizens of Buenos Aires term themselves, possess an elaborate and rich cultural identity, drawing on Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, Irish, Polish, Jewish as well as native influences; the city has often been referred to as the “Paris of South America.” Its lifestyle and architecture is more distinctly European than that of any other city in the southern hemisphere. Its physical layout is a mosaic as varied as its people, its cuisine, and its music. Buenos Aires is, not surprisingly, the most visited city in South America (ahead of even Rio de Janeiro).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BUENOS_AIRES_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The city was founded as Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre (“City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds”) in 1536 AD by a Spanish expedition. When Argentina became independent in 1816, the cosmopolitan city became its capital. In the decades between 1880 and 1940, Buenos Aires was a haven for those seeking refuge from political, religious, ideological, and artistic persecution in countries across Europe. From hungry Irish to devout Jews to Tsarist survivors, each wave of immigrants brought their traditions and talents to add to the stew, making the city the cultural rival of any world capital.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_BUENOS_AIRES_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Along with all the art and culture, Buenos Aires is a manufacturing center of the first order, with heavy industry composing 16% of the city’s economy. Factories, mostly concentrated in the southern part of the urban sprawl, produce textiles, chemicals, automobiles, beverages, and petroleum products. It also serves as the center for export of Argentina’s rich agricultural output: meat, dairy, tobacco, grain and wool. Buenos Aires isn’t just about the tango any longer.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_CARTHAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
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Until the Roman Publius Scipio Africanus plowed it under and salted the earth (so the legend goes) to conclude the Third Punic War, Carthage was one of the great cities of antiquity. Its birth beside the Gulf of Tunis is just as legendary, having been at the hands of its fabled first queen Dido. More prosaically, it actually grew from a Phoenician colony founded sometime during the first millennium BC.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_CARTHAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Ideally situated along the north coast of Africa, Carthage became an increasingly important center of trade in the Mediterranean through the next few centuries. However, this success was not without consequences, as Carthage eventually drew the ire of both Greece and Rome, and the ensuing conflicts with these intimidating rivals became ever more legendary.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_CARTHAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Tension with Greece over control of the cities of Sicily, and the intertwining trade routes, led to a series of conflicts – the Sicilian Wars. Blessed with some of the greatest generals of the time, the likes of Hamilcar Mago and his grandson Hannibal Mago, by the 3rd Century BC Carthage established complete domination over the island. During these ongoing conflicts, Rome moved to assert its power over the whole of Italy.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_CARTHAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Not long after the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War, continued pressure from expanding Rome drew the ire of Carthage, as the two competitors fought for control of territory and trade. A series of escalating clashes now known as the Punic Wars erupted in 264 BC, when both powers became entangled in a local squabble over control of the Sicilian city Messina. Enduring thanks primarily to the brilliant leadership of Hannibal and able others until 146 BC, beleaguered Carthage was eventually forced to surrender. The city itself was burned to the ground and much of the remaining population slaughtered, the survivors sold into slavery.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_GENEVA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Originally settled on a hill overlooking a nice lake by a bunch of Paleolithic nomads, by around 500 BC Geneva became a Celtic fortified town, before it was taken by the Romans in 121 BC. Ownership of the city continued to slip between the warring neighboring states, until landing in the hands of the Germans in 1033 AD. By this time Geneva had become an important ecclesiastical seat, with the bishop of the city a direct vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor as a territorially vested prince.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_GENEVA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Since separation of church and state wasn’t too precise, power in Geneva was contested between the Savoy dukes and the Catholic popes for the next five centuries. When the last ruling bishop fled the city in 1533, the citizens of Geneva made a risky move in an attempt to rid themselves of both the Catholics and the Savoyards – the city allied itself with the Protestant state of Bern and declared Geneva a Protestant sovereignty in 1536. It remained a stronghold of Protestant faith for years to come, although some of the population had reverted to Catholicism by the early 17th Century.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_GENEVA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Over time, Geneva became a center for scientific learning and research. In 1559 John Calvin founded the Geneva Academy (later University of Geneva) as a “humanist” seminary. In short order, various scientists arrived and discovered interesting things – the likes of pioneering geologist Jean-Andre Deluc, physicist Firmin Abauzit, and naturalist Francois Huber. In 1909, the university there awarded Albert Einstein the first of his honorary doctorates. More recently, Geneva has been home to Werner Arber (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1978) and Felix Bloch, the first director of CERN, which is based in a northwest suburb of the city. There’s even the Musée d’Histoire des Sciences in Geneva to commemorate all this scientific progress oozing from the city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HATTUSA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Once the capital of the mighty Hittite Empire, Hattusa is now just some sunbaked ruins – although it was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage sites. Sometime before 2000 BC, the Hatti decided to build on the site of a prehistoric abandoned settlement on the ridge of Buyukkale, which didn’t have much to recommend it save its defensibility. In the 19th and 18th centuries BC merchants from Assyria established a trading post in the town, and introduced cuneiform writing. A century later, King Anitta destroyed the town and then cursed it for good measure, inscribing on a rock: “Whoever after me becomes king resettles Hattusas, let the Stormgod of the Sky smite him.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HATTUSA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Only a generation later, his curse was ignored, as a Hittite king chose the spot for his new palace and capital. This marked the beginning of a line of Hittite “great kings,” 27 of whom are still known by name. Hattusa became the seat of learning, religion and politics for the empire; at its peak the city covered 1.8 square kilometers, surrounded by massive walls built during the reign of Suppiluliuma, c. 1333 BC. In the southern sector lay four great stone-built temples surrounded by mud-brick homes and shops. Some 40 to 50 thousand people dwelt in Hattusa at the time.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HATTUSA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Although it is not known for certain, Hattusa was likely the site of most of the many technological advances made by the Hittites. They were the first known to have worked with iron, forging better weapons and tools. The Hittites were the first to develop two-horse chariots, and made use of iron-rimmed wheels (rather better for those rocky roads). The farmers improved irrigation, rotated crops and invented a number of agricultural tools. But in the end, all this didn’t help much; evidence indicates the city was destroyed, together with the whole Hittite Empire, sometime around 1200 BC.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HONG_KONG_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
A city-state in its truest form for 99 years, Hong Kong (meaning “Fragrant Harbor”) is a great port on the Chinese coast. Now home to more than seven million residents, the island of Hong Kong and its mainland territory were once the site of numerous small settlements, including those constructed by foreign merchants. In fact, trade and commerce are the sole reason Hong Kong exists.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HONG_KONG_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
During the Jin dynasty, the village on the island evolved into a regional trading center thanks to its sheltered harbor and nearby salt production. During the 300-year Tang dynasty, Hong Kong flourished as an international port; the Tuen Mun district became a major naval base. In 1513 AD the Portuguese Jorge Álvares arrived, opening trade with Europe. But under the Ming dynasty Haijin edict (closed-door policy), the city began to fade. Until the British took a (heavy) hand.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HONG_KONG_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
During the reign of the Chinese Qing dynasty in the 19th Century, relations with England degenerated amidst growing concern over the importation of Indian opium into China. Britain had hoped to offset its increasingly expensive tea trade from China by exporting ever greater amounts of opium from India into China. However, the Qing rulers objected, and attempted to seize incoming opium shipments, thus inciting the Opium Wars in 1839.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_HONG_KONG_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
After many years of conflict, the Treaty of Nanking provided the United Kingdom with various spoils, including a 99-year lease on Hong Kong. Prospering as a British colony for a century, Hong Kong was finally returned to China in 1997, after a peaceful transfer of power. Despite the avowed communism of the People's Republic, Hong Kong maintains a semi-autonomous system of government that supports free trade, and the city remains one of civilization’s financial hubs.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JAKARTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Its water village at Kampong Ayer was once described by a traveler as 'Venice of the East.' Since the 16th century, this capital city has been the heart of the Sultanate of Brunei.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JAKARTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Located in the northern bank of the Brunei River, Bandar Brunei's history can be traced back to the first Malay settlers in the region in the Eighth Century CE. This would be before it became a prosperous port under the Sultanate in the 1500s and after they rid themselves of all those pirates. It would be the third capital for Brunei following those at Kota Batu and later, the 42 villages making up Kampong Ayer (which it would later incorporate). The downside to being a jewel is everyone wants to fight over you; in the modern era, Bandar Brunei would become hotly contested territory during the Second World War before becoming a prosperous, independent petroleum hub.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
With portions of the old town having been constructed over 6000 years ago, Jerusalem is one of the most ancient still-standing cities in the world. Not without a lot of luck, for throughout its tumultuous history, Jerusalem has come under assault numerous times, as grasping empires and religious warriors alike have killed each other by the thousands to wrest control of the city from one another.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The oldest neighborhoods in Jerusalem, the “City of David,” are said to have been built by the legendary king sometime during the first millennium BC. Over the centuries that followed, immigrants and refugees living under a number of kings, priests, and prophets worked to expand the city. By the time the Islamic caliphates rose to power in the 7th Century AD and seized it in the name of Allah in 638, Jerusalem had already been overrun by the Macedonian, Roman, and Byzantine empires.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Not content with the city's current leadership, in 1095 Pope Urban II called upon Christian knights to liberate Jerusalem with the sword. What followed was two hundred years of bloodshed. In the end the Arabs ruled the city still (although they lost it for a time). They in turn were followed by the Ottomans, British and Jordanians.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_JERUSALEM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
The past century has arguably been the most controversial in Jerusalem’s sad history, after the establishment of the Jewish state of Israel and its subsequent annexation of the whole of the city following the Six-Day War in 1967.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KABUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
To his fellow Afghans, Abed Rahmani wrote, “Be united like a rain; be powerful like an ocean.” The people of Kabul, largest city in Afghanistan, having weathered repeated imperial invasions to retain their distinctive culture and identity, can be said to have done that. Wedged in a valley in the Hindu Kush, Kabul occupies a strategic location on the route between south and central Asia, controlling the approaches to the Khyber Pass. And since it has centuries of experience resisting invaders, it has produced fierce warriors for all that time. When not fighting outsiders, the hill tribes happily fought each other.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KABUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Kabul is over 3500 years old, but rarely free. The Hindu Rigveda praised it as the ideal city, a “vision of paradise set in the mountains.” Late in the Achaemenid Era, the city became a center for Zoroastrianism. Numerous kingdoms and empires held Kabul over the next dozen centuries. In 1504 AD the city was taken by Babur, who made it his headquarters as he carved out the Mughal Empire. Babur so loved the city he lived in for two decades that his tomb carried an inscription in Persian reading: “If there is a paradise on earth, this is it, this is it.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KABUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
The Afghans would spend most of the 1800s fighting the British off. Free at last when the 20th Century dawned, Kabul experienced a renaissance that spanned 60 years. During the rule of the liberal Mohammed Zahir Shah, European investments were made in modern communication and transportation … and weaponry. A ten-year Soviet occupation ended in civil war after the Russians withdrew in 1989, resulting in the repressive Taliban-controlled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. In 2001 an American-led coalition dislodged the Taliban, although by 2020 it seemed poised for a comeback.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KANDY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Records – more-or-less historical – indicate that the Sri Lankan town of Kandy was established by the monarch Vikramabahu III of Gampola and originally named Senkadagalapura near the Watapuluwa (a lot of letters for such a small place). Around 1400 AD, Kandy became an independent kingdom under the rule of Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu of the royal Kotte family. The Kandyan Kingdom remained independent, and fairly prosperous and secure, until the British invaded. In the Second Kandyan War, British forces met no resistance and captured the city in February 1815.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KANDY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Part of this may have been due to the inhabitants’ reluctance to see the city leveled, for it was home to several faiths – Theravada Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and even Christianity – and various holy shrines. For instance, the Buddhist Temple of the Sacred Tooth, built in 1595, lay within the royal palace. The Buddhist community observed – and still does – the Poya Days once a month religiously. The Hindus (roughly 13%) and Muslims (about 10%) kept their own celebrations and holy days just as fervently.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KANDY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Under the European leadership, Ceylon (as it was known) underwent rapid and drastic modernization. Save for a couple of rebellions – the Uva in 1818 and Matale in 1848 – Kandy was just a quiet corner of the British Empire. During the Second World War, it did serve as the home of the Allied South East Asia Command, but it was never threatened. The Donoughmore reforms in the 1930s, among them enforced religious tolerance, led eventually to Sri Lanka gaining independent Dominion status in 1948. Since then, the island has been troubled by political infighting, several assassinations, an intermittent insurgency, and a civil war (1983-2009).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KUMASI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
There is archeological evidence that there has been a settlement at Kumasi since the Neolithic period.  But the town wasn't commonly known until 1695 AD when it became the center of the Ashanti Confederation under Osei Tutu. With the 1701 victory over the Denkyira tribes, Kumasi became the cultural as well as the political center of the Ashanti ethnic group. Located astride two Saharan trade routes, it also became quite wealthy … and the discovery of gold in the kingdom didn’t hurt.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KUMASI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
No doubt the latter contributed to the legend that the priest and lawgiver Ohomfo Anokye received the Golden Stool from heaven, the embodiment of the spirit of the Ashanti peoples – past, present and future. Except, of course, the slaves; slavery was a historical tradition among the Ashanti, and were often taken in warfare or by raiding nearby tribes. Slaves were occasionally sacrificed, and were expected to follow their masters into the afterlife (usually with a little help). But on the positive side, Ashanti slaves could own other slaves and even request a transfer of ownership if they deemed themselves abused.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KUMASI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Kumasi was doing quite well, an artistic metropolis by all accounts, until the Anglo-Ashanti Wars … five of them between 1824 and 1901. The conflict was triggered by several coastal kingdoms in Ghana threatened by Ashanti expansion which called upon the British for protection; British greed for gold just may have been a factor also. Whatever the reasons, near the end of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War much of Kumasi, including the palace, was destroyed by British forces after their victories at the hard-fought battles of Amoaful and Ordashu. Although two more wars were left, Kumasi never regained its prominence and stature.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_KUMASI_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
It did, however remain the cultural center of the Ashanti; ceremonial control of Kumasi was restored to the Ashanti in 1926. In 1935 the Ashanti Autonomous Region was established in the British territory, with Kumasi as its capital.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
When the Spanish explorers stumbled over the ruins of ancient Olmec (the “mother-culture” of Mesoamerica) cities, they gave them Spanish names, as they did at La Venta. The original Olmec city, “San Lorenzo,” was abandoned c. 900 BC and La Venta rose to prominence in the region. La Venta itself would be abandoned c. 400 BC, but in the intervening five centuries it was the heart of Olmec culture, art and religion. Unlike most Mesoamerican cities, there was little stone nearby, so the settlement was mostly built of clay and fill dirt.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Located on a two-square-mile island in the midst of a coastal swamp overlooking the outlet of the Rio Palma, La Venta was hardly a pleasant spot. But it was holy, with some spectacular displays of engineering and wealth. The Great Pyramid there was, at the time, the largest structure in the Americas; even after 2500 years of erosion, it rises 34 meters above the flat island.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Numerous monuments and sculptures adorn the complex, with burial tombs and altars having also been discovered. Of the iconic "Colossal Heads" carved by the Olmec, La Venta features four of the most famous. Weighing several tons each, archeologists still marvel at how the Olmec managed to acquire the stone for these massive carvings.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
And wealth … opulent offerings have been found through the site by archeologists excavating: 1000 tons of polished serpentine blocks, extensive mosaics, and 48 deposits of jade, pottery, figurines and hematite mirrors. And the skeletal remains of slaves, lots of them, along with devices that appear to be for bloodletting (ceremonial spikes and such), leading to speculation concerning human sacrifice for religious purposes.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LA_VENTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_5
Text:
But it's unlikely history will ever know for certain, for much of La Venta has been leveled in the name of progress. For instance, the entire southern end of the island is covered with a petroleum refinery. And in 2009 a number of the heads were damaged by a group attempting to perform a supposed pre-Columbian religious ritual.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LISBON_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The coast of Somalia has been of vital importance since ancient times. While we now think of the trade that passes through the Suez Canal and across to the Indian subcontinent, the region was vital even before. In Roman times, Somali and Arab merchants discouraged Indian merchants from visiting ports north of the Horn of Africa, as they were too close to Roman markets (so as to keep that lucrative connection for themselves), but they were free to establish themselves in ports such as Mogadishu, and so the city became a home for Indian traders in Africa. In addition to India and Rome, Somali merchants moved cloth and other goods from Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, Persia, and beyond, down the Swahili coast. But networks also extended westward, into Sudan and Ethiopia. Ibn Khaldun, the Arab philosopher of the 14th century, described Mogadishu as a prosperous city, but still keeping a fundamentally nomadic character – Khaldun had proposed a cycle of history where nomadic peoples and settled peoples were in constant tension, and Mogadishu represented a triumph of the nomads.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_LISBON_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
When the Italians decided – late – to join the other European powers in the pursuit of colonialism, they set their sights on the Horn of Africa. In the late 19th century, they were “granted” what is now Eritrea (simply “Red Sea” in Latin) by the British, attempted to conquer Ethiopia (and failed, thanks to the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II), and got the Somali sultans to sign off to become Italian protectorates. Mogadishu then, briefly, became Italian, but in the 1940s, Italy then lost Somalia to the British, who in turn handed the territory off to the United Nations until independence in the 1960s. When Somalia became independent, Mogadishu became its capital.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_MOHENJO_DARO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Built sometime around 2500 BC, Mohenjo-daro was one of the largest of the Harappan civilization’s settlements, center of a thriving culture that spanned northern India and Pakistan. While the Egyptians were building pyramids for their pharaohs and the Minoans were leaping over bulls for sport, the 40,000 (or so) citizens of Mohenjo-daro were building striking structures of fired and mortared brick: public baths, a central market with a public well, spacious homes, a great granary (with air ducts to dry the grain), the “Pillared Hall” for assemblies, and the “College Hall” (78 rooms thought to have been a residence for priests).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_MOHENJO_DARO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Archaeologists, as well as thieves, have found all sorts of marvelous art and artifacts in their excavating of Mohenjo-daro: sculptures of seated and standing figures, copper tools, official seals, gold and jasper jewelry, balance-scales, children’s toys, weights for commerce, carved furnishings. Among the most notable pieces are the bronze “Dancing Girl,” the Pashupati seal, and a seven-strand necklace estimated to be 4500 years old. The city must have been a comfortable place to live.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_MOHENJO_DARO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
And relatively peaceful. The city had no outer walls, although there were guard towers to the east and some defensive works to the south. Although it appears that no human threats upset the tranquility, angry gods in the form of nature certainly did. Mohenjo-daro was destroyed at least seven times, and rebuilt – the new directly on top of the old. Seems flooding of the Indus river periodically drowned all that culture. But each time it arose to again become the most sophisticated city of the world.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_MOHENJO_DARO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
But all good things come to an end eventually. When the Harappan civilization went into a sudden – and as yet unexplained, although historians have lots of theories – decline around 1900 BC, Mohenjo-daro was gradually abandoned. It was lost until 1920 AD, when a visiting Indian historian, Rakhaldas Banerji, found an old flint scrapper there.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_PRESLAV_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Until it was fortified in the early 9th Century AD, Preslav was just a sleepy little Slavic settlement. But by the time of the coronation of Boris I, with his capital in nearby Pliska, it was an important strategic center and the seat of the Bulgar 'Ichirgu-boil,' commander of the capital’s garrison and de facto head of the kingdom’s military. The town also became a religious center when the Bulgars converted to Christianity in 864 and built a number of churches there.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_PRESLAV_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
But Preslav’s primary business was war. Once a pagan revolt was finally defeated in 892 and Boris appointed Simeon I as his successor, the decision was made to move the capital from Pliska to the much-more Christian Preslav. For the next 80 years, not only did the new capital become the political and military center of Bulgaria, but its cultural, artistic, and religious center as well. The walls were expanded and reinforced, and its barracks became the training ground for Bulgar delusions of grandeur.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_PRESLAV_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Until, that is, the Bulgars were defeated by the Kievan prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and Preslav occupied. The ensuing war between Byzantium and Kiev left the city ravaged and nigh razed by the liberating Byzantine armies. A lesson in being beware of one’s allies. The Byzantines carried off the Bulgarian treasury, the royal jewels and regalia, and most of the royal library.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_PRESLAV_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Preslav recovered some of its military importance in the first decades of the “Second Bulgarian Empire,” c. 1185. Indeed, it was – along with the fortress at Tarnovgrad – one of the joint seats of the kingdom under the co-rulers. But the strategic defensive position of Tarnovgrad proved better able to withstand outside threats. The Tartar raids of the 1270s drove off what citizens in Preslav survived; they built a new village of the same name a couple miles away, plundering the once-mighty walls for building materials.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_NAN_MADOL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Most archaeologists and historians do not believe that the ruins of the abandoned city of Nan Madol, lying adjacent to the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei in Micronesia, are a remnant of the lost continent of Mu. The city was instead constructed in a lagoon and consisted of about 100 small artificial islets built on stone and coral fill platforms separated by tidal canals. Instead of being left over from the prehistoric sinking of a continent, best guess is that construction of these islets started c. 8th Century AD, and that the construction of the megalithic structures upon these took place in the 12th and 13th centuries. All so the elite castes of the Sandeleur dynasty didn’t have to mix with the commoners.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_NAN_MADOL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The original name for the lagoon-city was Soun Nan-leng (“Reef of Heaven”), and European explorers dubbed it the “Venice of the Pacific.” Most of the named islets were residential, homes for chieftains and priests … although some served special needs: food preparation, coconut oil production on Peinering, canoe construction on Dapahu. The mortuary “neighborhood” includes some 58 islets, covered with graves. Nan Madol was the political, religious and cultural seat of power for the Sandeleur, who had succeeded in uniting the clans (which totaled around 25 thousand people) on Pohnpei and Temwen islands. Shortly thereafter the ruler forced the tribal chieftains to move to the new city where he could keep an eye on them.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_NAN_MADOL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
At its peak, the population of Nan Madol was perhaps about 1000. Since there are no sources of food or fresh water on the islets, everything had to be rowed over from Pohnpei. According to legend, the stones used for all the buildings and tombs were flown to the island by twin sorcerers Olisihpa and Olosohpa, who founded the Sandeleur. Whatever the facts of its creation, by the time the Europeans arrived in the early 1800s, Nan Madol had been abandoned, likely around 1450 when the Sandeleur collapsed.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_SEOUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
While the area around Seoul has been settled since the Paleolithic Age, the city wasn’t officially founded until 18 BC when the kingdom of Baekje built its capital Wiryeseong on the site. In time, Baekje developed from a minor state into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, a group of countries which dominated the peninsula for most of the first millennium AD. Over time, Seoul grew into a formidable city with great political, cultural and commercial significance.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_SEOUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Eventually the Three Kingdoms were consolidated under one rule, and in 1394 AD the capital of this new entity was moved to Seoul. Large walls were built around the city, as much to keep out thieves as well as bears and other large, scary animals … such as those annoying barbarians. Eventually, Seoul opened its gates to the influx of westerners arriving in the Far East during the late 1800s, and the city quickly modernized. In fact, Seoul was the first Asian city to have electricity, running water, and the telephone.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_SEOUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
But this isn’t surprising, since Seoul has been the center of technological advances for centuries. The civil minister Choe Yun-ui invented moveable metal type there in 1234 AD to print 50 copies of the Sangjeong yemun … long before Gutenberg stumbled onto the same idea. The Joseon dynasty saw the invention of the water clock, the sight glass, the udometer and lots of other clever gadgets. In 1442, the apex of astronomical advances was reached with the Chiljeongsan, a compilation of computations on the courses of the seven heavenly objects. Then there’s the world’s first ballistic vest invented in the 1860s, a boon to the Korean army.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_SEOUL_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
With the likes of Samsung and LG Corporation and others headquartered in the city, scientific tinkering hasn’t slowed much since. In 2008 South Korea had the fifth highest R&D expenditure in the world, much of that centered in Seoul. In electronics, computers, robotics, renewable energy and many other fields, Seoul is the cutting-edge for ever more discoveries.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The earliest written documentation of Stockholm dates back to 1252 AD and describes the city as an iron trading town, but in some Norse sagas it is claimed to be the lost city of Agnafit (where legendary King Ange was hanged by his captive bride Skjalf). Another tale states that the city was founded by the Swede Birger Jarl to protect the fledgling country from invading navies. Regardless of whichever (if either) is correct, the city quickly grew into a center for commerce, mining, and fishing … eventually joining the Hanseatic League.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
In the 15th Century, a national independence movement began to form in Stockholm as the people of Sweden yearned to overthrow their Danish rulers. The Revolution did not go well, unfortunately, and in 1520 the Danish King Christian II entered the city and incited the Stockholm Bloodbath, a massacre of most of the Swedish opposition forces. Further uprisings across the country in the coming years were more successful and broke up the Kalmar Union (the pleasant name for Danish control of Scandinavia), and Sweden finally gained its independence. The first king of Sweden, Gustav Vasa, was crowned in 1523, and the population of Stockholm began to boom. Within a hundred years, the citizenry increased six-fold.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_STOCKHOLM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
During the latter half of the 20th century Stockholm became one of the great seats of learning in Europe. The Military Academy Karlberg, one of the world’s oldest, was founded in 1792; the Karolinska Institutet, one of Europe’s most prestigious medical schools, in 1811; the Royal Institute of Technology in 1827. But oldest of all is the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, home of the Nobel Prizes, which was founded by famed naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1739. The city has continued to move away from its roots of fishing, mining, and shipping and move towards high-tech research, modern manufacturing, and giving away millions to otherwise obscure scientists.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_TORONTO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The most populous city (2.6 million or so in 2011) in Canada, Toronto began as a minor French trading post in 1750 AD after the Iroquois had abandoned the region at the end of the Beaver Wars. But it must not have been a very good location, for the French abandoned it themselves in 1759. The Mississaugas inherited the area by default, but during that American colonial uprising an influx of British Loyalists arrived in the uncivilized frontier north of Lake Ontario. Thus, in 1787 the British negotiated the “Toronto Purchase” with the Mississaugas, securing over a quarter-million acres.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_TORONTO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The British built Fort York at the entrance of Toronto’s harbor, just in time for it to be captured and destroyed by American forces during the war of 1812. (Little known fact: the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the burning of Washington by British troops.) After that unpleasantness – and the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion led by Toronto’s William Mackenzie in 1837 – Toronto entered an age of growth, improvement and industrialization. The Grand Trunk and Northern railways joined forces to build Union Station; meanwhile, steamers and schooners on Lake Ontario made Toronto a major gateway to the resources of the interior of the continent.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_TORONTO_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
All this contributed to Toronto becoming an industrial hub. For instance, a number of distilleries began operations, making the city the largest producer of alcohol in North America; the Gooderham & Worts distillery became the world’s largest whiskey factory in the world by the mid-1860s. The Great Fire of 1904 destroyed much of the downtown, but the area was rebuilt in a more genteel manner, and much of the industry was relocated to the suburbs. Factories and warehouses clustered around the rail yards and the port. Besides spirits, Toronto now produces automobiles, iron and steel, chemicals, paper, and packaged foods.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VALLETTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Valletta, located in the Republic of Malta, was founded in 1566 AD by Jean Parisot de la Valette, the 49th Grandmaster of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta. This after the Knights Hospitaller had withstood a siege and invasion of the island by the Ottoman Empire a year earlier. (Malta had been given in perpetuity to the order by Charles V of Spain in 1530 to serve as a bulwark against the Ottoman tide.)


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VALLETTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
To build and fortify the new city and the island, Valette requested help from the kings and princes of Christendom. And it was forthcoming … obviously their thinking was that it was better for a bunch of militant zealots to face the oncoming Muslims than their own troops and ships. Pope Pius V sent his own military architect to design the fortifications, and Philip II of Spain gave ships and weapons. Others donated large sums of money to sponsor churches and barracks and port facilities.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VALLETTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
The town, with its fine harbor and strategic location, was to weather centuries of warfare, even unto the Second World War. The Knights assumed the duties of policing the Mediterranean shipping lanes between Christian Europe and the Levant, fighting the Barbary corsairs and other pirates. They also set about freeing Christian slaves, mostly by raiding Ottoman shipping themselves. But the rise of Genoa, Venice and Pisa, and later the Protestant Reformation, eroded much of Valletta’s financial support.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VALLETTA_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Thus, in 1798 when Napoleon captured Malta while en route to invade Egypt, only Naples and the British seemed much concerned. A couple of years later the Maltese rose in rebellion against the French garrison; the victorious rebel leaders presented the island to the British, requesting that it be made a dominion of the empire. The 1814 Treaty of Paris confirmed British control, under whose thumb it remained until independence in 1964.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VILNIUS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Lying at the junction of two navigable rivers, the Vilnia and the Neris, some 194 miles from the Baltic, Vilnius was settled as a trading post deep in the woodlands of Lithuania. The town is first mentioned in written records in 1323 AD, when German Jews were invited to relocate to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Duke Gediminas, who promised religious tolerance and commercial opportunities. Over the following decades under the ambitious duke and his sons, the duchy expanded until it encompassed most of modern Lithuania, Belarus, the Ukraine, Transnistria, and portions of Poland and northern Russia. With the Union of Lublin in 1569, the city became an important mercantile center in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VILNIUS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
During this period, Vilnius changed dramatically from a backwater post to a cultural and political center. Migrants were welcomed by the authorities, and thousands of Slavs, Germans, and Jews moved into the booming city. In 1579, King Stefan Báthory founded the institution that would evolve into the 'Vilniaus universitetas,' the oldest university in the Baltic States, which quickly became one of the most important scientific and cultural centers in Europe. Artistic and craft guilds of various types were established, and the city served as the primary center for trade between Scandinavia and the interior of Poland and northern Russia.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_VILNIUS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
All this ready coin meant that the inhabitants – when they weren’t fighting the Poles, Swedes, Russians, or Germans – could live the good life. Although labelled a “Baroque” city, Vilnius boasts a blend of architectural styles – Gothic, Renaissance, Neo-Classical, and so forth – in its well-preserved and unique Old Town (placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994). Museums and monuments of all sorts dot the city. The Gediminas Tower, Cathedral Square, and stately Palace of the Grand Dukes, the House of the Signatories and national museums and libraries have managed to survive occupation by many enemies … and since independence in 1990, again form the heart of Lithuania.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_YEREVAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
There is evidence of human habitation near the capital of Armenia dating from prehistory. Worked stone tools have been taken from Yerevan cave, dated from tens of thousands of years ago. The Shengavit site in Yerevan was settled around about 3200 BCE, making it one of best-known walled Bronze Age archeological sites in the world. The city of Yerevan itself is almost modern by contrast, originally founded on the site of a fortification called “Erebuni” over 2,500 years ago.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_YEREVAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as its religion, early in the 4th century. Yerevan also became famous for its leather working (a leather shoe over 5,000 years old is on display in the History Museum of Armenia). Situated at the crossroads of various empires of Asia and the Near East, it has been ruled by Medes, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Persians, the Ottomans, and Russians. The rise and fall of these cultures is still reflected in the surviving architecture and culture of the city.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_YEREVAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Ancient churches dot Yerevan. The tiny Katoghike Church contrasts with the magnificent Cathedral of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, the largest Armenian Apostolic Church in the world. Some, however, have been lost, such as the 5th century Saint Paul and Peter Church (though fragments remain in history museums.) The Blue Mosque was closed for a few decades and used as the Museum of the City of Yerevan, but has since been restored and used as a house of worship again.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_YEREVAN_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Yerevan is also home to Yerevan Chess House. Chess and its predecessors have been played in Armenia since at least the 9th century, and possibly as early as the 6th, and today Armenians continue to represent their country at the highest levels of competition.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The island of Zanzibar, part of the commerce-heavy Swahili Coast, has been home to humans for about 20 thousand years after people managed to find their way to it from Africa. Few records exist referring to Zanzibar until around the death of Muhammed in 632 AD. But its location made it a prime spot for the trade routes of the Arabs, Swahili, Indians, and Persians; traders and others from all these migrated to Zanzibar. The island also made a convenient base for slave raids along the coast of east Africa.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Da Gama’s visit in 1498 intrigued folks back home; in 1503 or so, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire when a small military expedition landed, demanded and received tribute from the local sultan in exchange for peace. But the Portuguese were rather lax landlords, for when a British ship stopped by in 1591 the captain found no Portuguese fort or garrison, only a feitoria.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
No doubt part of the Portuguese interest in keeping things peaceful was the cultivation of spices on the islands: cloves, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg among others less valued. Slaves worked the great plantations that sprang up across the colony. Meanwhile, all sorts of trading ships were sailing in and out of the harbors, both European and Asian. The sultans continued to rule from Stone Town (the heart of what is now Zanzibar City) for the next two centuries, so long as the Portuguese got their cut.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CITYSTATES_PAGE_CIVILIZATION_ZANZIBAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
But this semi-autonomy came to an end when the British got the wind up over the Portuguese and Arab slave trade. After several decades of negotiations, threats and occasional violence, the Anglo-Zanzibari Treaty in 1873 ended the practice, and Zanzibar’s economy collapsed. The Portuguese pulled out and in 1890 Germany, the only other power with any interest in the region, officially recognized “the British protectorate” over Zanzibar. The protectorate would be unilaterally terminated by the United Kingdom in December 1963, and Zanzibar would join Tanganyika to form Tanzania.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_INTRO_CHAPTER_CONTENT_PARA_1
Text:
Acquired from [ICON_Culture] Culture, every Civic will unlock new social policies, governments, buildings, districts, or wonders. Progressing through the Civic Tree is a powerful way to advance your civilization through time.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CAPITALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
In the black hole of history (i.e., before written records) humans established various complex economies that involved elements of labor, trade and investment. Things economic remained fairly primitive until the 14th Century AD, when the Great Famine (1315-1317) and Black Death (1348-1350) led to a collapse of the manorial system due to a labor shortage, first in England and then throughout Europe. The feudal lords needed serfs to keep their estates running, and so began to hire workers; meanwhile, in towns and cities where entire guilds had been wiped out, the advent of wages encouraged craftsmen to move there to work for money rather than mere subsistence. All of which laid the foundations for colonialism and mercantilism, the precursors to capitalism. It was Adam Smith who first argued that mercantilism was not a force for economic progress but a hindrance in a civilization where labor was the most important currency of exchange.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CAPITALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The ideas of theorists such as Smith were well timed, for the Industrial Revolution was just beginning and a new economic order of free markets and paid labor was erupting. It was apparent that colonialism wasn’t the gold mine that investors had hoped; rather, a new gold mine was found in the mechanization of industry. Industrial capitalists investing in new forms of production and transport were able to amass great individual wealth in a single lifetime, outpacing the landed nobility and international banking families. For the first time in civilization, commoners could become wealthy without being born into it … with empires built on the sweaty backs of thousands of other commoners willing to be paid for their labor.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CAPITALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Modern capitalism was the first system to benefit all levels of society; wages increased, aided by the formation of labor unions, and the standards of living in industrial nations increased exponentially with the glut of affordable products being mass produced in factories. Despite hiccups such as the Great Depression and the 1970s Oil Crisis, which brought Keynesian-style government regulation to some economic endeavors, capitalism has become the new world order.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CIVIL_ENGINEERING_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Around 2550 BC, Imhotep built a stepped pyramid for Dioser at the Saqqara necropolis; thus was founded “civil” (as opposed to military) engineering, the construction of things for the good (loosely defined) of the public. Although the combination of mathematics, physics and management wasn’t labelled as such yet, civil engineering projects of the ancients were legendary – the Qanat water system, the Parthenon, the Appian Way, the Great Wall, the Jetavanaramaya stupas. The busy Roman civil engineers were particularly skilled building the physical infrastructure that made Rome an empire: roads, aqueducts (such as the Pont du Gard at Nimes), bridges (the pons Fabricius in Rome for example), dams, docks, and irrigation systems. The treatise De Architectura libri decem by Marcus Vitruvius, written around 15 BC, was the first work on civil engineering, and served throughout the Middle Ages as the standard for the construction of public works … there not being much original thought in Europe for many years.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CIVIL_ENGINEERING_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
But things picked up with the Industrial Revolution and the discovery of new building materials, tools and needs. In the early 18th Century the term “civil engineering” was first used. And in 1747 civilization’s first civil engineering school opened: the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”). Soon those busy civil engineers were putting things up all over the landscape, changing city skylines and cluttering the countryside. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton (who built the Eddystone Lighthouse), and in 1818 the world’s first engineering society – the Institution of Civil Engineers – was founded in London, mostly as an excuse to get together to drink and argue. The first degree in civil engineering in the United States was awarded in 1835 by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. And in 1905 the first civil engineering degree to a woman was granted by Cornell University to one Nora Stanton Blatch Barney.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CIVIL_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
“Civil Service” is a relatively new term to describe a relatively old concept – a bureaucracy composed of trained officials to “efficiently” run the government (since the overworked monarch obviously couldn’t be expected to do it him/herself). The phrase was first bandied about by the British administration in India and popularized by Sir Charles Trevelyan a century ago when Great Britain established an examination for those who wanted to serve the Crown (other than in the military that is).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CIVIL_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The origins of a civil service can be traced back to China (they did invent paper, after all). The Qin dynasty established the first centralized Chinese empire, and thus the need for a bureaucratic administration. Recruitment into the civil service was based on recommendations from local officials, and in 124 BC the Han Emperor Wudi established an imperial university to train and test would-be officials. By the time of the Tang dynasty appointment decreasingly relied on recommendation and increasingly on examination. The whole system expanded during the reign of Wu Zetian and reached its apex during the Song dynasty. The examination tested the candidate’s memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry and use calligraphy … obviously it helps if bureaucrats can read and write.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CIVIL_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
In the West, it was the well-organized Romans who set the standard for successive bureaucracies. By drawing upon the educated equestrian class, drafting them into responsible positions in his administration, Emperor Augustus founded the imperial civil service. Their business background made them particularly suited to run the far-flung provinces and make sure that Roman rule didn’t waver. By the time of Claudius, equestrians could reasonably expect a fine career – eventually becoming a procurator (“agent of the emperor”) and then a prefect, who might serve abroad or at home, in charge of anything from the fire brigades to the grain supply. While details vary across the centuries since, things haven’t changed much in the civil service since.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CLASS_STRUGGLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
“The history of all hitherto existing society,” wrote Marx in the opening of his 1848 Communist Manifesto, “is the history of class struggle.” In Marx and Engels's interpretation of history, civilized peoples live in a state of tension due to the competing socioeconomic interests between the differing classes. Aristocratic regimes fall to regimes based on property and ownership, which in turn fall based upon people fighting for the value of their own labor. This view that the class struggle provides the impetus for radical change is central to the work of both Marxists and anarchists such as Mikhail Bakunin.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CLASS_STRUGGLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
As with everything, there are at least two ways to understand the term “class struggle” – each popular with competing theoretical groups. One approach understands it to mean a political movement where one or the other of contending groups considers itself to be a “class” (hence, having a class consciousness) consciously pursuing its interests. In the other, the class struggle inevitably breaks out wherever there is exploitation of one class by another. Thus, the worker who complains about unfair conditions and the boss who punishes him or her are both engaged in a class struggle, even if neither considers themselves to belong to a class. In the latter, the class struggle is a permanent, daily fixture in any industrial society.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CLASS_STRUGGLE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
This theory rose out of the idea that people follow their economic interests first and foremost. This, in the wake of the Industrial Revolution, put different classes of people on an inevitable collision course. In the 19th century, Marx saw a ruling class which owned the means of production – the land and its resources, the workshops and factories, the banks and schools. At the other end of the spectrum were the actual producers of wealth, those who own little but their ability to work hard for minimal wages. It was the inequities between the capitalist class and the working class that fueled the great ideological divide of the 20th Century and so shaped modern civilization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CODE_OF_LAWS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Code of Laws – a (more-or-less) systematic compilation of pronouncements that purports to (more-or-less) exhaustively cover what is and isn’t acceptable in a society – have been a feature of civilization since the ancient kingdoms of the Middle East. The Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu (c. 2100 BC) and the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC) are the earliest known codes, letting the citizens know how their ruler felt about misbehavior. The old Hebrew Written and Oral Torah (c. 1330 BC) laid out the law – religious and civil – for God’s Chosen People. But it was those paragons of organization that really formalized the concept, with the Corpus Juris Civilis (drafted 529 to 534 AD) of the emperor Justinian, of setting down how to deal with every dispute or … well, everything. In China, the last exclusive imperial code of laws was the Great Qing Legal Code with its 1907 statutes; despite some 30 revisions, it held sway over the civilization from 1644 to 1912.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CODE_OF_LAWS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Codes of Laws naturally conflict with an idea of autocracy - a rule by one individual's judgement. This, for instance, shaped early Chinese debates. Should, as Confucius argued, rulers be bound by a general code, or should, as Legalist scholars argued, the ruler be free of such burdens? The debate became settled over time in China, but in Europe medieval notions of divine rule made adoption of such codes scarce. But as feudalism faded and strange ideas of equality and nationalism percolated, a new generation of codes was spawned, exemplified by the Prussian Code (1794), the Code Napoleon (1804) and the German Civil Code (1896). The latter two have served as the model for the majority of modern codes in current use. Too, most codes now have two distinctive elements: a civil code to settle disputes between citizens, and a criminal or penal code to take care of those who won’t behave.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLD_WAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
No sooner did the “Big One” get over than a “cold” war erupted, marked by economic, political, ideological, social and cultural conflict … energized by the threat of the apocryphal apocalypse … between civilization’s two superpowers. The alliance between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies had been one of convenience to defeat Hitler … as Winston Churchill famously stated: “If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons.” But once that was accomplished and the Soviet Union grabbed as much of Eastern Europe as it could a showdown between communism and democracy (neither in its pure form) was inevitable.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLD_WAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Despite calls for a shooting war to end the threat – such as “Operation Unthinkable,” code name for a plan to attack the Soviet Union developed by the British Joint Planning Staff under Churchill’s orders at the end of World War II – the new American president Truman, encouraged by advisors such as Averill Harriman and James Forrestal, decided on instead taking a hard line with Moscow … or at least, harder than Roosevelt had. In February 1946 Ambassador George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” from Moscow articulated the American policy of “containment” with which the superpower would defend itself against “Russian expansive tendencies.”


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLD_WAR_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Despite the never-ending crises – the Berlin Blockade, Hungarian Uprising, Chinese civil war, Cuban Missile Crisis, bloody wars in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan – neither power was quite willing to take the last step … primarily because both had the atomic bomb in their arsenal. Russia had tested an atomic bomb of its own in 1949; Truman announced that the United States would build a “superbomb” (hydrogen bomb); and Stalin promptly followed suit. The world stumbled along on the brink of MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) until the Soviet Union itself broke apart and collapsed in 1991.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLONIALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Colonialism is a historical phenomenon that spans millennia and the globe. Both the Phoenicians and the Greeks planted colonies all around the Mediterranean, and the first step in becoming part of the Roman Empire was often for a land to be colonized by conquest. But it is during the mid- and late-16th Century AD that European powers – driven by rapid population growth, technological progress, constrained economies, military competition, religious fanaticism, and a desire to secure the profits of global trade – launched a concerted effort to explore and colonize new lands.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLONIALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
It was little Portugal, a unified kingdom since 1385 and relatively free from internal strife (unlike the bigger nations), that kicked off the age of colonization. Looking to find wealth by sailing around Africa to circumvent the Silk Road and its networks of Central or South Asian, Arab, Ottoman, and Venetian middlemen, it established colonial settlements and forts along the African coasts. But it was Spain that would undertake the first great land grab. Columbus, looking to make a profit in order to fund a new Crusade, managed to underestimate the circumference of the Earth by about one-fourth and so thought he could reach the Far East by sailing 2400 miles westward. Instead, he stumbled into a couple of large, rich and relatively uninhabited continents – although he insisted until his death that he had reached Asia. For over a century the Portuguese and the Spaniards were the only ones with New World colonies, but in time the Netherlands, French and English were grabbing bits as well.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_COLONIALISM_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
So profitable was the conquest of the Americas that the “great” powers didn’t stop there. They turned their individual attention to the known world as well, setting up trading post, vast companies and eventually direct control over regions of Africa, India, Southeast Asia and islands across the Pacific. Thanks to the Royal Navy and lots of guns, the British were particularly adept at it. Eventually even former colonies (the United States) and late bloomers (Germany and Japan) busied themselves creating colonial empires. Whatever the justification – financial, religious, racist, political – every nation that could managed to find some hapless natives to “civilize” through colonization.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CONSERVATION_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The idea of conservation of natural resources can be traced to the work Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest-Trees, presented by John Evelyn to the Royal Society in 1662 AD. Timber resources in England were seriously depleted – thanks to all those ships, buildings and bridges – and Evelyn argued that cutting should be managed and trees replanted in logged areas. No one paid any further attention to the environment, other than exploiting it, until the Progressive Age when some folks sought to convince other Americans that it was their civic duty to preserve unspoiled the land, water and wildlife for future generations. Romantics such as Henry David Thoreau idealized nature, even as pragmatists such as Gifford Pinchot (first head of the U.S. Forestry Service) sought ways to insure that renewable resources would remain renewable … to keep America strong and the economy expanding.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CONSERVATION_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
Even as American cities were becoming more crowded, as the Western frontier was disappearing, as “nature” was being commercialized, and as the working man had more disposable income, leisure and conservation came together as more and more people took up hiking, camping, bird watching, and other outdoor recreations. With general support from the citizens, the U.S. Congress passed landmark legislation establishing Yellowstone Park in 1872, Yosemite National Park in 1890, and finally creating the National Park Service in 1916 - it was not a coincidence that many of these were established immediately following the disenfranchisement of indigenous nations. Soon the individual states were creating parks and preserves all over the place, and establishing policies to protect fish and game from wholesale slaughter (rather too late for the poor passenger pigeon).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CONSERVATION_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Although efforts to protect the environment sometimes produced more problems (such as the elimination of predators in parks leading to mass die-offs), other developed nations soon leapt onto the conservation bandwagon as well. It would be some decades before developing countries would join the movement … being rather more concerned with pragmatic issues such as industrializing, avoiding famine, and raising the standard of living for their citizens.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CRAFTSMANSHIP_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Craftsmanship is simply the application of skill in the making of something, be it functional or just some decorative but otherwise useless knick-knack. Since there were so many unskilled laborers, ancient craftsmen were highly valued, whether slave or free. In Athens craftsmanship interacted with art and culture in intriguing ways; Socrates, for instance, was fond of analogies concerning craftsmanship and was reputedly himself the son of a skilled stonemason. Many a Greek grew wealthy from their craftsmen-slaves, such as those Demosthenes owned: some 120 tanners, flute-makers and cutlers. So valued were the skills of slaves that craftsmen themselves became a high-priced commodity in Rome, where weavers and tailors, metal-workers and engravers, leather tanners and shoemakers, and other pairings could be brought together in urban workshops to produce high-quality goods.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CRAFTSMANSHIP_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
In the Middle Ages, craftsmen began to organize themselves into guilds to promote their skills and their standards. In the guilds, those seeking to progress to being a master craftsman progressed through the stages of apprentice and journeyman first, insuring a level of excellence in their craft. But industrialization – the mass production of all those things – ended the need for craftsmanship, and in the decades after the French Revolution most of the guilds collapsed. Corporations could manufacture goods quicker and cheaper, substituting standardization for craftsmanship.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CRAFTSMANSHIP_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Today, in the popular mindset, craftsmanship has come to mean “made by hand” rather than “skilled production” … and these are certainly not the same.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Global calls for "the brotherhood of man" often hid colonialist or racist assumptions. Which "man" becomes the model for this brotherhood? Whose principles become "natural," and whose particular? As scholars began to recognize this, the 20th Century saw a burst of concern about protecting the respective and distinctive cultural heritage(s) amongst all sorts of people. Decolonization and immigration formed the background for contemporary concerns about where “we came from.” Whether it was seeking to redress perceived wrongs or celebrating what made a group unique, “cultural heritage” became the new cause for millions in the developed nations.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
As it came to be understood in the two decades following World War II – not coincidentally, the era of the Civil Rights Movement, the “Troubles” in Northern Ireland, native American equality, and independence movements across Asia and Africa (some three dozen new states achieved autonomy between 1945 and 1960) – cultural heritage implied a shared bond, a belonging to some sort of community determined by ethnicity, location, religion and/or common beliefs. It became both a political as well as personal tool of identity.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
The physical artifacts were the first items of cultural heritage to draw attention: the paintings, drawings, mosaics, sculpture, photographs, literary works, buildings, monuments and archaeological findings. With a market for such artifacts booming, national and international cultural property laws which protect and regulate the disposition of cultural items were passed to protect those pieces with special significance to a defined group. In tandem, regulations evolved for repatriation of art and artifacts, usually looted or ancient, to the country of origin or former owners.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_4
Text:
Intangible heritage also an issue, encompassing a dizzying array of cultural traditions: music, dress, theater, cuisine, celebrations and holidays and holy processions. To recover this “authenticity” the industry of cultural tourism has sprung up, taking people to cultural attractions far away to gather information and experiences to satisfy their “cultural needs” … be this the reinforcement of one’s own cultural identity or the observation of exotic “others.” In an age of globalization and social media, the mantra of cultural heritage provides the counterbalance.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DEFENSIVE_TACTICS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
Besides cowering behind walls when the barbarians came, the first defensive tactics consisted of packing armored men in as tight as possible, with lots of sharp spears pointing outward to discourage attackers. The first to adopt such a phalanx formation were the Sumerians around the third millennium BC. Their densely packed infantry were armored (helmet, breastplate, and greaves) and armed (with nine-foot spears and round shields that could be overlapped). For the next few thousand years defensive tactics didn’t change much, save that archery made better armor ever more important.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DEFENSIVE_TACTICS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
As with so many things military, Rome improved upon the defensive tactics employed by most of their competitors. The Romans pioneered the manipular legion sometime around 300 BC, giving their formations more flexibility and support; deployed in a triple line with gaps between the maniples, the legion could react rapidly to any threat. In front before battle, elite skirmishers (the velites) covered the deployment of the legion; and during battle cavalry and auxiliaries protected the flanks. The thoughtful Romans developed defensive tactics to counter every threat conceivable: the testudo to protect from missiles, the saw to quickly plug gaps in the line, the orb for formations that had been cut off, and Fabian tactics to avoid battle when at a disadvantage.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DEFENSIVE_TACTICS_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
In the Middle Ages such cleverness was largely thrown over for simply charging at the enemy and hacking away until one side or the other had had enough. The difference in tactics between Viking berserkers and European knights is miniscule, as military thinking focused on the offensive and largely forgot the defensive (save for those towering castle walls and masses of archers). That is, until gunpowder made head-long charges a dicey proposition again. As firearms became cheaper and more effective, requiring little training to be used in defense, gunpowder dominated the battlefield. And the only real defensive tactic became to spread troops out, to use camouflage, and to dig down.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIPLOMATIC_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
To “practice” diplomacy is one of the defining actions of a nation, and diplomacy has been “practiced” since the first city-states. Originally diplomacy was conducted by a ruler’s emissary, generally for a specific mission, returning home when negotiations were complete (if lucky, many an emissary’s head got sent back instead). Thus, the “diplomatic service” was composed of members of the ruling family or high-ranking nobles … a dubious honor if one failed to settle matters. Until the Renaissance, there were no permanent relations, save that between the Pope and the Byzantine Emperor through the 8th Century AD. In the Far East, the Song dynasty would establish a pattern of resident Chinese envoys in neighboring nations.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIPLOMATIC_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
The origins of “modern diplomacy” can be traced to the cities of Northern Italy in the early Renaissance. In the 1400s, Milan – goaded by Francesco Sforza – played a leading role in the establishment of permanent embassies in other city-states to establish trade, make defensive pacts, and present a united front to the papacy. Most of the traditions of diplomatic service – such as the presentation of an ambassador’s credentials to a head of state – began here. In 1455 Milan was the first to place a permanent representative in the court of a major power – in this case, France. The practice spread, with Spain being the first nation to “exchange” ambassadors with another sovereign state (England). By the late 16th Century permanent embassies were the standard for international relations … unless the countries were at war, of course.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIPLOMATIC_SERVICE_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
Ambassadors were usually nobles with little experience in negotiating (or much of anything else); they were supported by a large staff of specialists, from lawyers and linguists to soldiers and spies. As the European powers spread around the world, making contact with strange civilizations in distant places and carving out empires, diplomacy became too important to leave in the hands of amateurs. By the late 1600s the need for skilled professionals was increasingly met by university graduates in international law, languages, cultural history, economics and such.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIVINE_RIGHT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
The notion of divine right emerged as imperial law fused with global religions. The Byzantines based their right to rule on the Bible, as the 13th chapter of Romans begins: “For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore he who resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment …” Additionally, Arab rulers claimed divine mandate, and Indian kings competed to be seen as the "cakkavatin" - the divine ruler.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIVINE_RIGHT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
While in other places and other times, some kings claimed to be descended from divine beings (or to be gods themselves), in early Christian Europe the notion took hold that the Merovingians held power because it was God’s will they do so, and that they were therefore blessed. Thus, when Charlemagne was crowned by the pope on Christmas Day 800 AD, it was not a conferring of authority but merely confirmation of what already existed … his divine right to rule. The ultimate root of kingly authority was spiritual (although having a big, well-trained army helped).


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DIVINE_RIGHT_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_3
Text:
This philosophy (or theology) was quite popular among kings for many centuries. In 1597, for instance, James VI of Scotland penned the Basilikon Doron, a manual on the power of kings, in preparation for his ascension to the English throne, stating, “The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon Earth, for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God’s throne.” But by the 18th Century, rulers began to consolidate power in more secular ways, tending towards absolutism. The spread of Protestantism hurried things along, as the Catholic sanction of divine right came into question. The American and French revolutions, and Napoleon’s tossing all kinds of kings aside, deprived the doctrine of its last shreds of credibility.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DRAMA_POETRY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_1
Text:
It is unlikely that any human civilization (at any rate until the coming of those dour Puritans) has denied itself the excitement of drama or the pleasure of poetry. Drama – of a kind – is present in the rituals of most primitive cultures. While such ceremonies are certainly dramatic, they don’t evoke theater as such. Theatrical drama requires a sung or spoken text – poetry – a development which occurred in ancient Greece. Poetry itself predates literacy, back to at least the age of Homer and the oral epics of Mesopotamia.


Language: en_US
Tag: LOC_PEDIA_CIVICS_PAGE_CIVIC_DRAMA_POETRY_CHAPTER_HISTORY_PARA_2
Text:
It is in Athens, around the 6th Century BC, that drama became an “art” form. During the Dionysian festivals, a chorus would sing the stories of Greek myth. At some point, a priest of Dionysus by the name of Thespis began to engage in a dialogue with the chorus. According to legend, Thespis was also the first winner of a theatrical competition, held in Athens in 534 BC. Such competitions became a regular feature of festivals throughout Greece, and innovations – now conventions – in both tragedy and comedy were the result. Aeschylus added a second actor; Sophocles a third, further extending the dramatic possibilities. Euripides introduced plots more complex, characterizations more central, and the interactions between characters became the stuff of drama.


